Leucocyanidin

Leucocyanidin
Names
	IUPAC name (2R,3S,4S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,4,5,7-tetrol
	Other names Leucocianidol; Leucocianidolum; Leucocyanidol; Leukocyanidine; Procyanidol; Resivit; Leucoanthocyanidol; Vitamin P faktor; 3,4-Cyanidiol; (2R,3S,4S)-3,4,5,7,4-pentahydroxyflavan
Identifiers
CAS Number	69256-15-1 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:11412 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL124022 ;
ChemSpider	389677 ;
PubChem CID	440833;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID70331530 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H14O7/c16-7-4-10(19)12-11(5-7)22-15(14(21)13(12)20)6-1-2-8(17)9(18)3-6/h1-5,13-21H/t13-,14-,15+/m0/s1 Key: SBZWTSHAFILOTE-SOUVJXGZSA-N ;
	SMILES C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2C(C(C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H14O7
Molar mass	306.26 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

Leucocyanidin is a colorless chemical compound that is a member of the class of natural products known as leucoanthocyanidins.

Chemistry

(+)-Leucocyanidin can be synthesized from (+)-dihydroquercetin by reduction with sodium borohydride.[1]

Molar equivalents of synthetic (2R,3S,4R or S)-leucocyanidin and (+)-catechin condense with exceptional rapidity at pH 5 under ambient conditions to give the all-trans-[4,8]- and [4,6]-bi-[(+)-catechins] (procyanidins B3, B6) the all-trans-[4,8:4,8]- and [4,8:4,6]-tri-[(+)-catechins] (procyanidin C2 and isomer).[2]

Metabolism

Leucocyanidin oxygenase uses leucocyanidin, 2-oxoglutarate, and O₂ to produce cis-dihydroquercetin, trans-dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), succinate, CO₂, and H₂O.

Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR or leucocyanidin reductase LCR) uses (2R,3S)-catechin, NADP⁺, and H₂O to produce 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin, NADPH, and H⁺. Its gene expression has been studied in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves.[3] Its activity has also been measured in leaves, flowers, and seeds of the legumes Medicago sativa, Lotus japonicus, Lotus uliginosus, Hedysarum sulfurescens, and Robinia pseudoacacia.[4]

The C-4 stereochemistry of leucocyanidin substrates affects anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) products. This enzyme is an iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase.[5]

Occurrence

Leucoyanidin can be found in Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse chestnut), Anacardium occidentale (Cashew, acajou), Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Areca catechu (Areca nut), Asimina triloba (American custardapple), Cerasus vulgaris (Cherry), Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor), Erythroxylon coca (coca), Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey locust), Hamamelis virginiana (American Witch Hazel), Hippophae rhamnoides (Hippophae berry Sanddorn), Hordeum vulgare (Barley), Humulus lupulus (bine), Hypericum perforatum (perikon Amber), Laurus nobilis, Magnolia denudata (Hsin-I Yulan-Magnolie), Malva sylvestris (Blue mallow), Musa acuminata × balbisiana (Banana), Nelumbo nucifera (Baladi bean), Pinus strobus (Eastern white pine), Prunus serotina ssp. serotina (black cherry), Psidium guajava (Common guava), Quercus alba (White oak), Quercus robur (Common oak), Rumex hymenosepalus (Arizona dock), Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree), Terminalia arjuna (arjun), Terminalia catappa (Indian almond), Theobroma cacao (Cacao), Drimia maritima (Sea Squill), Vicia faba (bell-bean), Vitis vinifera (common grape vine), Zea mays (corn, maize), and Ziziphus jujuba (jujube, Chinese date).[6]

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References

Heller, Werner; Britsch, Lothar; Forkmann, Gert; Grisebach, Hans (1985-02-01). "Leucoanthocyanidins as intermediates in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in flowers of Matthiola incana R. Br". Planta. 163 (2): 191–196. doi:10.1007/BF00393505. ISSN 0032-0935. PMID 24249337.
Synthesis of condensed tannins. Part 9. The condensation sequence of leucocyanidin with (+)-catechin and with the resultant procyanidins. Jan. A. Delcour, Daneel Ferreira and David G. Roux, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1983, pages 1711-1717, doi:10.1039/P19830001711
Bogs, Jochen; Downey, Mark O.; Harvey, John S.; Ashton, Anthony R.; Tanner, Gregory J.; Robinson, Simon P. (2005-10-01). "Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Expression of Genes Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase in Developing Grape Berries and Grapevine Leaves". Plant Physiology. 139 (2): 652–663. doi:10.1104/pp.105.064238. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 1255985. PMID 16169968.
Skadhauge, B.; Gruber, M. Y.; Thomsen, K. K.; Wettstein, D. V. (1997-04-01). "Leucocyanidin reductase activity and accumulation of proanthocyanidins in developing legume tissues". American Journal of Botany. 84 (4): 494. doi:10.2307/2446026. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2446026.
The C-4 stereochemistry of leucocyanidin substrates for anthocyanidin synthase affects product selectivity TURNBULL Jonathan J.; NAGLE Michael J.; SEIBEL Jürgen F.; WELFORD Richard W. D.; GRANT Guy H.; SCHOFIELD Christopher J. 2003
"Liber Herbarum II: DK: Leucocyanidin/ UK: Leucocyanidin/ D: Leucocyanidin". www.liberherbarum.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.

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[Heller-1] Heller, Werner; Britsch, Lothar; Forkmann, Gert; Grisebach, Hans (1985-02-01). "Leucoanthocyanidins as intermediates in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in flowers of Matthiola incana R. Br". Planta. 163 (2): 191–196. doi:10.1007/BF00393505. ISSN 0032-0935. PMID 24249337.

[2] Synthesis of condensed tannins. Part 9. The condensation sequence of leucocyanidin with (+)-catechin and with the resultant procyanidins. Jan. A. Delcour, Daneel Ferreira and David G. Roux, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1983, pages 1711-1717, doi:10.1039/P19830001711

[3] Bogs, Jochen; Downey, Mark O.; Harvey, John S.; Ashton, Anthony R.; Tanner, Gregory J.; Robinson, Simon P. (2005-10-01). "Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Expression of Genes Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase in Developing Grape Berries and Grapevine Leaves". Plant Physiology. 139 (2): 652–663. doi:10.1104/pp.105.064238. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 1255985. PMID 16169968.

[4] Skadhauge, B.; Gruber, M. Y.; Thomsen, K. K.; Wettstein, D. V. (1997-04-01). "Leucocyanidin reductase activity and accumulation of proanthocyanidins in developing legume tissues". American Journal of Botany. 84 (4): 494. doi:10.2307/2446026. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2446026.

[5] The C-4 stereochemistry of leucocyanidin substrates for anthocyanidin synthase affects product selectivity TURNBULL Jonathan J.; NAGLE Michael J.; SEIBEL Jürgen F.; WELFORD Richard W. D.; GRANT Guy H.; SCHOFIELD Christopher J. 2003

[6] "Liber Herbarum II: DK: Leucocyanidin/ UK: Leucocyanidin/ D: Leucocyanidin". www.liberherbarum.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.