Ledger

A ledger[1] is the principal book or computer file for recording and totaling economic transactions measured in terms of a monetary unit of account by account type, with debits and credits in separate columns and a beginning monetary balance and ending monetary balance for each account.

General ledger.

Overview

The ledger is a permanent summary of all amounts entered in supporting journals which list individual transactions by date. Every transaction flows from a journal to one or more ledgers. A company's financial statements are generated from summary totals in the ledgers.[2]

Ledgers include:

Sales ledger, records accounts receivable. This ledger consists of the financial transactions made by customers to the company.
Purchase ledger records money spent for purchasing by the company.
General ledger representing the five main[3] account types: assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and capital.

For every debit recorded in a ledger, there must be a corresponding credit so that the debits equal the credits in the grand totals.

Types on the basis of purpose

The three types of ledgers are the general, debtors, and creditors.[4] The general ledger accumulates information from journals. Each month all journals are totaled and posted to the General Ledger. The purpose of the General Ledger is therefore to organize and summarize the individual transactions listed in all the journals. The Debtor Ledger accumulates information from the sales journal. The purpose of the Debtors Ledger is to provide knowledge about which customers owe money to the business, and how much. The Creditors Ledger accumulates information from the purchases journal. The purpose of the Creditors Ledger is to provide knowledge about which suppliers the business owes money to, and how much.

Types on the basis of format

A ledger can have the following two formats.

Physical ledger

This type of ledger is made up of paper. It can be physically touched. Ledgers were invented several centuries ago and this used to be the only available form until the widespread adoption of computers, in the mid to late 20th century.

Digital ledger

This type of ledger is a digital file, or collection of files, or a database. It can be manipulated only by means of computer programs, since it does not have a physical form.

Etymology

Ledger from 1828

The term ledger stems from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, meaning "to lie or lay" (Dutch: liggen or leggen, German: liegen or legen); in sense it is adapted from the Dutch substantive legger, properly "a book laying or remaining regularly in one place". Originally, a ledger was a large volume of scripture or service book kept in one place in church and openly accessible. According to Charles Wriothesley's Chronicle (1538), "The curates should provide a booke of the bible in Englishe, of the largest volume, to be a ledger in the same church for the parishioners to read on."

In application of this original meaning the commercial usage of the term is for the "principal book of account" in a business house.

gollark: Wait, presupposes that *god* can do that (which is required if said god is omnipotent), or that *people* can get future information?

gollark: Oh, and if you can get answers on yes/no questions about the future that also allows you to transmit information backward through time, obviously.

gollark: If you could tell the future that way, there would already be autodivinators (or, if you can't do that, many minimum-wage people flipping coins) used for picking stocks.

gollark: (if it's *not*, then the chance of getting two heads or two tails is... a half, anyway)

gollark: *can't tell if bizarre joke or not*

Notes

From the English dialect norms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive legger
Haber, Jeffry (2004). Accounting Demystified. New York: AMACOM. p. 15. ISBN 0-8144-0790-0.
Whiteley, John. "Mr". Moncton Accountant | John Whiteley CPA. John Whiteley CPA. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
"What is a Ledger?". Online Learning for Sports Management. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
Distributed Ledger Technology: beyond block chain (PDF) (Report). UK Government, Office for Science. January 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ledger". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.