Lebkuchen

Lebkuchen (German pronunciation: [ˈleːpˌku:xn] (listen)), Honigkuchen[1] or Pfefferkuchen, is a honey-sweetened German cake[2] molded cookie[3][4] or bar cookie[5] that has become part of Germany's Christmas traditions. It is similar to gingerbread.

Lebkuchen

Nürnberger Lebkuchen with almonds and sugar coating, of the Elisen type (Elisenlebkuchen)
Alternative names	Pfefferkuchen
Type	Cake
Place of origin	Germany
Region or state	Franconia
Main ingredients	Honey, spices (aniseed, coriander, cloves, ginger, cardamom, allspice), nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts), candied fruit

Etymology

The etymology of Leb- in the term Lebkuchen is uncertain. Proposed derivations include: from the Latin libum (flat bread), from the Germanic word Laib (loaf), and from the Germanic word lebbe (very sweet). Another likely possibility is that it comes from the old term Leb-Honig, the rather solid crystallized honey taken from the hive, that cannot be used for much beside baking. Folk etymology often associates the name with Leben (life), Leib (body), or Leibspeise (favorite food). Kuchen means 'cake'.

History

A Lebküchner from a manuscript c. 1520, in the Stadtbibliothek Nürnberg

The forerunner of today's Lebkuchen was called the "honey cake", and its history can be traced back to the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Romans. They believed that honey, the only sweetener widely available to them, was a gift of the deities and had magical and healing powers. Honey cakes were also worn as a talisman in battle or as protection against evil spirits.

Bakers noticed that honey-sweetened dough would undergo a natural fermentation process when stored in a cool location for several weeks, creating bubbles that would improve the quality of the bread. Lebkuchen was started in November and baked in December after undergoing this fermentation period.[6]

Lebkuchen was invented by monks in Franconia, Germany in the 13th century. Lebkuchen bakers were recorded as early as 1296 in Ulm, and 1395 in Nürnberg (Nuremberg). The latter is the most famous exporter today of the product known as Nürnberger Lebkuchen (Nuremberg Lebkuchen).

Local history in Nuremberg relates that emperor Friedrich III held a Reichstag there in 1487 and he invited the children of the city to a special event where he presented Lebkuchen bearing his printed portrait to almost four thousand children. Historically, and due to differences in the ingredients, Lebkuchen is also known as "honey cake" (Honigkuchen) or "pepper cake" (Pfefferkuchen). Traditionally, the cookies are usually quite large and may be 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in diameter if round, and larger if rectangular. Unlike other cities where women could bake and sell the holiday cookies at will, in Nuremberg only members of the baker's guild were allowed to bake the cookies.[7]

Mold used for marzipan or Lebkuchen, 17th/18th century, collecton of the Oberhausmuseum

Since 1808, a variety of Nürnberg Lebkuchen made without flour has been called Elisenlebkuchen. It is uncertain whether Elise was the daughter of a gingerbread baker or the wife of a margrave. Her name is associated with some of the Lebkuchen produced by members of the guild. Since 1996, Nürnberger Lebkuchen is a protected designation of origin, meaning that it must be produced within the boundaries of the city.

Types

Lebkuchen range in taste from spicy to sweet and come in a variety of shapes with round being the most common. The ingredients usually include honey, spices such as aniseed, coriander, cloves, ginger, cardamom, and allspice, nuts including almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts, or candied fruit.[8]

In Germany, types of Lebkuchen are distinguished by the kind of nuts used and their proportions. Salt of Hartshorn and potash are often used for raising the dough. Lebkuchen dough is usually placed on a thin wafer base called Oblate. This was an idea of the monks, who used unleavened communion wafer ingredients to prevent the dough from sticking. Typically, they are glazed or covered with very dark chocolate, but some are left uncoated.

Lebkuchen hearts are sold at fairs

Lebkuchen is usually soft, but a harder type of Lebkuchen is used to produce Lebkuchenherzen ("Lebkuchen hearts"), usually inscribed with icing, which are available at many German regional fairs and Christmas fairs.[9] They are also sold as souvenirs at the Oktoberfest and are inscribed with affectionate, sarcastic or obscene messages.[10]

Another form is the "witch's house" (Hexenhäusl or Hexenhäuschen), made popular because of the fairy tales about Hansel and Gretel.

The closest German equivalent of the gingerbread man is the Honigkuchenpferd ("honey cake horse").

The Nuremberg type of "Lebkuchen" is also known as "Elisenlebkuchen" and must contain no less than 25 percent nuts and less than 10 percent wheat flour. The finest artisan lebkuchen bakeries in Nuremberg boast close to 40% nut content. Lebkuchen is sometimes packaged in richly decorated tins, chests, and boxes, which have become nostalgic collector items.[11]

Gallery

• 
  An assortment of plain and dark chocolate Lebkuchen
• 
  Different shapes of Lebkuchen on sale at the Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg
• 
  Lebkuchen in retail packaging

See also

• Aachener Printen
• Basler Läckerli
• Berner Haselnusslebkuchen
• Springerle
• Speculaas
• List of chocolate-covered foods
• List of German desserts
• Licitar
• Pfeffernüsse

External links

• Lebkuchen on the German Food Guide
• Germans fall out of love with Lebkuchen at The Guardian
• 593 Lebkuchen recipes on Chefkoch.de as of 04-Mar-2013 (in German)

References

1. Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques : Proceedings : Oxford Symposium. p. 157.
2. Ward, Artemas. The Encyclopedia of food. p. 279.
3. The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. p. 304.
4. "Lebkuchen -- as much an art form as a dessert". The Christian Science Monitor.
5. The Joy of Cooking (2019). p. 768.
6. Fieldhouse, Paul. The World Religions Cookbook. Greenwood Press. p. 39.
7. Wiesner, Merry E. (1986). Working Women in Renaissance Germany. Rutgers University Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780813511382. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
8. "German Food Guide: Lebkuchen". Retrieved 2013-03-04.
9. Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6.
10. Haase, Cornelia (2012). "Essential German words for Oktoberfest". Oxford Words blog. OUP.
11. "Lebkuchen 101", Leckerlee, Retrieved October 19, 2016