Largemouth bass

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is a carnivorous freshwater gamefish in the Centrarchidae (sunfish) family, a species of black bass generally native to eastern and central North America, in Canada, United States and northern Mexico, but widely introduced elsewhere.[2] It is known by a variety of regional names, such as the widemouth bass, bigmouth bass, black bass, bucketmouth, largies, Potter's fish, Florida bass, Florida largemouth, green bass, bucketmouth bass, Green trout, gilsdorf bass, Oswego bass, LMB, and southern largemouth and (paradoxically) northern largemouth.[3] The largemouth bass is the state fish of Georgia[4] and Mississippi,[5] and the state freshwater fish of Florida[6] and Alabama.[7][8]

"Largemouth" redirects here. For the African cichlid, see Serranochromis.

Largemouth bass

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Centrarchidae
Genus: Micropterus
Species:
M. salmoides
Binomial name
Micropterus salmoides
Synonyms[2]
  • Labrus salmoides Lacepède, 1802
  • Aplites salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)
  • Grystes salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)
  • Huro salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)
  • Huro nigricans Cuvier, 1828
  • Grystes nigricans (Cuvier, 1828)
  • Perca nigricans (Cuvier, 1828)
  • Grystes megastoma Garlick, 1857

Description

The largemouth bass is an olive-green to greenish gray fish, marked by a series of dark, sometimes black, blotches forming a jagged horizontal stripe along each flank.[9] The upper jaw (maxilla) of a largemouth bass extends beyond the rear margin of the orbit.[10] In comparison to age, a female bass is larger than a male.[11] The largemouth is the largest of the black basses, reaching a maximum recorded overall length of 29.5 in (75 cm)[12] and a maximum unofficial weight of 25 pounds 1 ounce (11.4 kg).[12] The fish lives 10 to 16 years on average.[13]

Feeding

The juvenile largemouth bass consumes mostly small bait fish, scuds, small shrimp, and insects. Adults consume smaller fish (bluegill, banded killifish), shad, snails, crawfish (crayfish), frogs, snakes, salamanders, bats[14] and even small water birds, mammals, and baby alligators.[15] In larger lakes and reservoirs, adult bass occupy deeper water than younger fish, and shift to a diet consisting almost entirely of smaller fish like shad, yellow perch, ciscoes, shiners, and sunfish. It also consumes younger members of larger fish species, such as catfish, trout, walleye, white bass, striped bass, and even smaller black bass. Prey items can be as large as 50% of the bass's body length or larger.[16]

Studies of prey utilization by largemouths show that in weedy waters, bass grow more slowly due to difficulty in acquiring prey. Less weed cover allows bass to more easily find and catch prey, but this consists of more open-water baitfish. With little or no cover, bass can devastate the prey population and starve or be stunted. Fisheries managers must consider these factors when designing regulations for specific bodies of water. Under overhead cover, such as overhanging banks, brush, or submerged structure, such as weedbeds, points, humps, ridges, and drop-offs, the largemouth bass uses its senses of hearing, sight, vibration, and smell to attack and seize its prey. Adult largemouth are generally apex predators within their habitat, but they are preyed upon by many animals while young.[17]

Notably in the Great Lakes Region, Micropterus salmoides along with many other species of native fish have been known to prey upon the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Remains of said fish have been found inside the stomachs of largemouth bass consistently. This feeding habit may impact the ecosystem positively, but more research must be conducted to verify this. Note that it is illegal to use Neogobius melanostomus as bait in the Great Lakes Region.[18]

Spawning
Side view of a living largemouth bass

Largemouth bass usually reach sexual maturity and begin spawning when they are about a year old.[19] Spawning takes place in the spring season when the water temperature first holds steady above 60˚F. In the northern region of the United States, this usually occurs anywhere from late April until early July. In the southern states, where the largest and healthiest specimens typically inhabit, this process can begin in March and is usually over by June.[20] Males create nests by moving debris from the bottom of the body of water using their tails. These nests are usually about twice the length of the males, although this can vary.[19] Bass prefer sand, muck, or gravel bottoms, but will also use rocky and weedy bottoms where there is cover for their nest, such as roots or twigs.[21] After finishing the nest, the males swim near the nest looking for a female to mate with. After one is found, the two bass swim around the nest together, turning their bodies so that the eggs and sperm that are being released will come in contact on the way down to the nest. Bass will usually spawn twice per spring, with some spawning three or four times, although this is not as common. The male will then guard the nest until the eggs hatch, which can take about 2 to 4 days in the southern U.S and Northern Mexico, and slightly longer in the northern part of its Native Range. Finally, depending on the water temperature, the male will stay with the nest until the infant bass are ready to swim out on their own, which can be about two more weeks after they hatch. After this, the male, female, and newborns will switch to more of a summer mode, in which they then focus more on feeding.[19]

Angling
A Largemouth bass caught by an angler
Main article: Bass fishing

Largemouth bass are keenly sought after by anglers and are noted for the excitement of their 'fight', meaning how vigorously the fish resists being hauled into the boat or onto shore after being hooked. The fish will often become airborne in their effort to throw the hook, but many say that their cousin species, the smallmouth bass, is even more aggressive.[22] Anglers most often fish for largemouth bass with lures such as Spinnerbait, plastic worms (and other plastic baits), jigs, crankbaits, and live bait, such as worms and minnows. A recent trend is the use of large swimbaits to target trophy bass that often forage on juvenile rainbow trout in California. Fly fishing for largemouth bass may be done using both topwater and worm imitations tied with natural or synthetic materials. Other live baits, such as frogs or crawfish, can also be productive. In fact, large golden shiners are a popular live bait used to catch trophy bass, especially when they are sluggish in the heat of summer or in the cold of winter.[23] Largemouth bass usually hang around big patches of weeds and other shallow water cover. These fish are very capable of surviving in a wide variety of climates and waters. They are perhaps, one of the World's most tolerant freshwater fish.

The world record largemouth according to the IGFA is shared by Manabu Kurita and George W. Perry. Kurita's bass was caught from Lake Biwa in Japan on July 2, 2009 and weighed 10.12 kg (22 lbs 4 oz.) Perry's bass was caught on June 2, 1932 from Montgomery Lake in Georgia and weighed 10.09 kg (22 lbs 4 oz.) This record is shared because the IGFA states a new record must beat the old record by at least 2 ounces.[24]

Strong cultural pressure among largemouth bass anglers encourages the practice of catch and release, especially the larger specimens, mainly because larger specimens are usually breeding females that contribute heavily to future sport fishing stocks. Largemouth bass respond well to catch and release, with a very high survival rate after release, especially if the fish is handled with care and is loosely hooked in the side or top of the mouth. However, if the fish swallows the hook, survival odds greatly decrease. Largemouth bass have a white, slightly mushy meat, lower quality than that of the smallmouth bass, bluegill, yellow perch, crappie or walleye. Small largemouth, of 10–14 inches, can contain higher quality meat, especially during the spring.

Invasive species

The largemouth bass has been introduced into many other regions and countries due to its popularity as a sport fish. It causes the decline, displacement or extinctions of species in its new habitat through predation and competition,[25] for example in Namibia. They are also an invasive species in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, and are on the watch list across much of the far northern US and Canada. In colder waters, these fish are often a danger to native fish fry such as salmon and trout.[26] They have also been blamed for the extinction of the Atitlan grebe, a large waterbird which once inhabited Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.[27] In 2011, researchers found that in streams and rivers in the Iberian Peninsula, juvenile largemouth bass were able to demonstrate trophic plasticity, meaning that they were able to adjust their feeding habits to obtain the necessary amount of energy needed to survive. The ability to do such, allows them to be successful as invasive species in relatively stable aquatic food webs.[28] Similarly, a study done in Japan showed that the introduction of both largemouth bass and bluegill into farm ponds have caused increases in the numbers of benthic organisms, resulting from the predation on fishes, crustaceans, and nymphal odonates by the bass.[29] The largemouth bass has been causing sharp decreases in native fish populations in Japan since 1996, especially in bitterling fish in Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma.[30]

gollark: Also this.
gollark: I mean, if I were being more consistent, which I probably should be, we should maybe... not have rule 4, in its current form? Probably the imagery bit due to things I already outlined, but better methods for handling "textual conversation which makes me uncomfortable" than just not having it which would generalize to other things.
gollark: Workplace-wise it is more visible from a distance, I think.
gollark: Imagery has more of that "horribly scarred for life instantly" thing going for it which you can probably avoid with text.
gollark: What are you responding to here?

References
  1. NatureServe (2019). "Micropterus salmoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61265A58310038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61265A58310038.en. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  2. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Micropterus salmoides" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. "Black Bass". Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: Division of Freshwater Fisheries. Archived from the original on April 23, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
  4. Georgia Symbols, State of Georgia, retrieved May 8, 2019
  5. State Symbols, ms.gov, retrieved May 8, 2019
  6. "State Freshwater Fish", Florida State Symbols, Florida Department of State, retrieved May 8, 2019
  7. "Official Alabama Fresh Water Fish". Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. November 17, 2003. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  8. "Bass fishing terms and expressions". Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  9. "What Color is Your Largemouth Bass?". takemefishing.org. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  10. Archived January 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  11. Archived November 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  12. "Escondido's world-famous bass found dead". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
  13. "Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)". Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved October 3, 2008.
  14. Mikula, P (2015). "Fish and amphibians as bat predators". European Journal of Ecology. 1 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1515/eje-2015-0010.
  15. "Fish vs Alligator". YouTube.com. February 17, 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  16. Dassow, Colin J.; Collier, Alex; Hodgson, Jay Y. S.; Buelo, Cal D.; Hodgson, James R. (2018). "Filial cannibalism by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a three-decade natural history record from a small northern temperate lake". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 33 (1): 361–379. doi:10.1080/02705060.2018.1477691. ISSN 0270-5060.
  17. Archived April 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  18. "Excerpt of Michigan's Natural Resource and Environmental Protection Act" (PDF). Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  19. Davis, Lock, James, Joe (August 1997). "Largemouth Bass: Biology and Life History" (PDF). Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.
  20. Whitcomb, Andy (February 28, 2016). "Largemouth Bass Spawning and Fishing Consideration". TakeMeFishing.org.
  21. "Fishes Of Wisconsin: Largemouth Bass". Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. August 31, 2012.
  22. Archived November 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  23. "Bass Fishing Tips - Tips on How to Catch a Largemouth Bass". Fishingtipsdepot.com. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  24. "IGFA World Record | All Tackle Records | Bass, largemouth". Wrec.igfa.org. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  25. "issg Database: Impact Information for Micropterus salmoides". www.issg.org. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  26. Archived May 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  27. Roots, Clive (January 1, 2006). Flightless Birds. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313083945.
  28. Almeida, David; Almodóvar, Ana; Nicola, Graciela G.; Elvira, Benigno; Grossman, Gary D. (January 1, 2012). "Trophic plasticity of invasive juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in Iberian streams". Fisheries Research. 113 (1): 153–158. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2011.11.002.
  29. Maezono, Yasunori; Miyashita, Tadashi (January 1, 2003). "Community-level impacts induced by introduced largemouth bass and bluegill in farm ponds in Japan". Biological Conservation. 109 (1): 111–121. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00144-1.
  30. "Nature Restoration Projects in Japan: Lake Izunuma-Uchinuma" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. Government of Japan. March 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
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