Land reform in Namibia

Land reform is an important political and economic topic in Namibia. It consists of two different strategies: resettlement, and transfer of commercially viable agricultural land. Resettlement is aimed at improving the lives of displaced or dispossessed previously disadvantaged Namibians. Farms obtained by government for resettlement purposes are usually split into several sections, and dozens of families are being resettled on what had previously been one farm. Transfer of commercial agricultural land is not directly conducted by government. Would-be farmers with a previously disadvantaged background obtain farms privately or through affirmative action loans. In both cases, the "Willing buyer, willing seller" principle applies.

Map of Namibia

Namibia contains about 4,000 commercial farms. Almost 1000 of them have been obtained by previously disadvantaged Namibians since independence, some by means of private transactions, and some through government-facilitated loans. Until 2020, a further 15 Mio hectares of commercial agricultural land are to be transferred to blacks, a third of this area for resettlement purposes, two thirds for agriculture.[1]

Background

Land ownership in pre-colonial central and southern South West Africa was intermittent; Herero people and Nama people claimed the land they were currently using. Heinrich Vedder writes:[2]

As the Nama said: Where the foot of our hunter sets there is Namaland, so said the Herero: wherever my cattle grassed there is Hereroland.

The notion of permanent ownership of land in the territory of South West Africa was only introduced in the wake of colonialisation. Consequently, the dispossession of land by European settlers from Africans began in the nineteenth century with the coming of German colonists and traders as the area was incorporated as German South West Africa.

Allocation of land to bantustans according to the Odendaal Plan.

During South African occupation of the territory, Namibia was divided along ethnic lines. 10 bantustans were established, the remaining territory, including much of the agriculturally viable land, was reserved for White. In the bantustans farm land was communal whereas the farms outside were in private hands. When Namibia gained independence in March 1990, the country inherited this division of land in which 3,500 farmers, who were almost entirely Whites, owned approximately 50% of the country's agricultural land. These farmers constituted about 0.2% of the total national population. Land reform was one of the biggest goals for many who participated in Namibia's liberation struggle.[3]

Reform Strategies

Prior to the first democratic election in 1989, liberation movement leader SWAPO committed itself to "transfer[ing] some of the land from the few with too much of it to the landless majority".[3]

Namibia's land reform process is based on three strategies, outlined by the Agricultural (Commercial) Land Reform Act of 1995:[4]

  1. Resettlement: The Namibian government buys farms from commercial farmers allocates them to previously disadvantaged people.
  2. Loans: AgriBank, a state-owned bank, grants loans with interests below market level to the previously disadvantaged population.
  3. Communal land: Communal land, which all belongs to the state, is parcelled into small units and distributed by traditional leaders.

Resettlement

Farms obtained by government for resettlement purposes are usually split into several sections, and dozens of families are being resettled on what had previously been one farm. From 1990 to 2007, an independent report said that the government had resettled approximately 800 Black farmers on land bought for redistribution. It was approximately 12% of commercial farmland in the country, or less than 1% per year.[5]

Namibian citizens may obtain a portion of a farm for resettlement if they do not yet own farm land, and if they belong to the previously disadvantaged population. In the allocation process, females score higher than males, people 25 years of age or older score higher than those below 25, and people with farming experience score higher than those without.[6]

Willing buyer, willing seller

The government generally has avoided expropriating farms. Farms to be reallocated to previously disadvantaged people are mainly bought from farm owners that wish to sell their farms. This is called the Willing buyer, willing seller principle. Any farm that is to be sold on the free market must first be offered to government. However, in 2005, government began expropriating commercial farms. Although only five farms had been expropriated in 2008, and a further 30 farm owners had received letters asking them to sell to government, this move has instilled fears in the white farming community and discouraged further investment.[4]

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See also

References

Notes
  1. Weidlich, Brigitte (5 Aug 2010). "Land ministry tests new farm acquisition model". The Namibian.
  2. Vedder, Heinrich (1997). Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890 [South West Africa in Early Times. Being the story of South West Africa up to the date of Maharero's death in 1890] (in German) (7th ed.). Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society. p. 181. ISBN 0-949995-33-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  3. Land reform in Namibia: Why not? Archived 2010-12-24 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Tapscott, Southern Africa Report, January 1994
  4. Weidlich, Brigitte (12 November 2008). "Land Reform Reaping Fruits Despite Problems". Inter Press Service (IPS). Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  5. Land reform reproducing poverty IRIN News, 15 November 2007
  6. Immanuel, Shinovene (7 May 2015). "Hanse-Himarwa questions resettlement scores". The Namibian.

Further reading
  • Agricultural (Commercial) Land Reform Act of 1995
  • Communal Land Reform Act (Act No. 5 Of 2002)
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