Lactifluus

Lactifluus is one of three genera of mushroom-forming fungi containing species commonly named "milk-caps", the others being Lactarius and Multifurca. It has been separated from Lactarius based on molecular phylogenetic evidence but is very similar to that genus. There are roughly 150 known Lactifluus species, which have a mainly tropical distribution but are also found in the north temperate zone and Australasia.[1] Some of them are edible mushrooms.

Lactifluus
Lactifluus piperatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae
Genus: Lactifluus
(Pers.) Roussel (1806)

Systematics and taxonomy
 
 
 

Lactarius

 
 

Multifurca

 
 
 

Russula

 
 
 

Lactifluus

 
Phylogenetic relationships of Lactarius, Lactifluus, Multifurca, and Russula.[2]

The genus Lactifluus was described in 1806 by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel, with the type species Lactifluus piperatus.[3] Later, Lactifluus was largely considered a synonym of Lactarius, until molecular phylogenetic work showed in 2008 that Lactarius was not a monophyletic group.[2] In the following, the name Lactarius was conserved for the biggest of the subclades revealed, containing most well-known north temperate species.[4][5][6] Thus, the name Lactifluus could be used for the smaller genus, necessitating only a few name changes, as combinations with Lactifluus had already been made previously for many temperate species.[4][7] New combinations have since been proposed for several species formerly classified in Lactarius.[8][9][10] A phylogenetics-based revision in 2017 divided the genus in four subgenera: Lactifluus, Lactariopsis, Gymnocarpi and Pseudogymnocarpi. They are further subdivided into section, but not all species are assigned to named sections. Many of these new groups do not correspond to previous subdivisions based mainly on morphology.[1]

Description
Pleurotoid Lactifluus are mainly found in the Tropics: here, an unidentified species from French Guiana.

Lactifluus closely resembles its lookalike genus Lactarius, with whom it shares the brittle flesh of the fruit bodies and the milk-like latex exuded when bruised. So far, synapomorphic characters for the genus have not been discovered, there are only tendencies that distinguish it from Lactarius.[7] Pleurotoid (laterally stiped) fruitbodies are only known in Lactifluus, while species with closed (angiocarpous) fruitbodies only occur in Lactarius.[7] Microscopically, thick-walled elements in the pileipellis and stipitipellis (cuticle of the stipe) and sphaerocytes in the trama of the lamellae are common in Lactifluus, but rare in Lactarius species.[7]

Edibility
L. volemus is one of the best known edible milk-caps.

Several species in the genus are edible. Lactifluus volemus especially is a choice mushroom in the northern temperate region.[11]

Selected species
Main article: List of Lactifluus species

As of 2017, there were roughly 150 described species, classified in four subgenera.[1]

Subgenus Lactifluus
  • Lactifluus corrugis – 'corrugated-cap milky' (North America)
  • Lactifluus leonardii (Australia)
  • Lactifluus piperatus – 'peppery milk-cap' (Europe and North America)
  • Lactifluus volemus – 'weeping milk-cap' or 'voluminous-latex milky' (North and Central America, Europe, Asia)
  • Lactifluus wirrabara (Australia and New Zealand)

Subgenus Lactariopsis

Subgenus Gymnocarpi

Subgenus Pseudogymnocarpi
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See also

References
  1. De Crop, E.; Nuytinck, J.; Van de Putte, K.; Wisitrassameewong, K.; Hackel, J.; Stubbe, D.; Hyde, K.D.; Roy, M.; Halling, R.E.; Moreau, P.-A.; Eberhardt, U.; Verbeken, A. (2017). "A multi-gene phylogeny of Lactifluus (Basidiomycota, Russulales) translated into a new infrageneric classification of the genus". Persoonia. 38 (1): 58–80. doi:10.3767/003158517X693255. ISSN 0031-5850. PMC 5645188. PMID 29151627.
  2. Buyck B, Hofstetter V, Eberhardt U, Verbeken A, Kauff F (2008). "Walking the thin line between Russula and Lactarius: the dilemma of Russula sect. Ochricompactae" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 28: 15–40.
  3. Roussel HFA. (1806). Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composée suivant la méthode de Jussieu (in French). Caen: L.-J. Poisson. p. 66. Retrieved 2014-10-19.
  4. Buyck B, Hofstetter V, Verbeken A, Walleyn R (2010). "Proposal to conserve Lactarius nom. cons. (Basidiomycota) with conserved type". Taxon. 59: 447–453. doi:10.1002/tax.591031.
  5. Barrie F. (2011). "Report of the General Committee: 11". Taxon. 60 (4): 1211–1214. doi:10.1002/tax.604026.
  6. Norvell LL. (2011). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16". Taxon. 60: 223–226. doi:10.1002/tax.601023.
  7. Verbeken A, Nuytinck J (2013). "Not every milkcap is a Lactarius" (PDF). Scripta Botanica Belgica. 51: 162–168.
  8. Stubbe D, Wang XH, Verbeken A (2012). "New combinations in Lactifluus. 2. L. subg. Gerardii". Mycotaxon. 119: 483–485. doi:10.5248/119.483. hdl:1854/LU-2939779.
  9. Verbeken A, Nuytinck J, Buyck B (2012). "New combinations in Lactifluus. 1. L. subgenera Edules, Lactariopsis, and Russulopsis". Mycotaxon. 118: 447–453. doi:10.5248/118.447. hdl:1854/LU-2122219.
  10. Verbeken A, Van de Putte K, De Crop E (2012). "New combinations in Lactifluus. 3. L. subgenera Lactifluus and Piperati". Mycotaxon. 120: 443–450. doi:10.5248/120.443. hdl:1854/LU-3150382.
  11. Bessette AR, Bessette A, Harris DM (2009). Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Identification Guide to the Genus Lactarius. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8156-3229-0.
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