LPWAN

A low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) or low-power wide-area (LPWA) network or low-power network (LPN) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a battery.[1][2] The low power, low bit rate and intended use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LPWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.[3]

A LPWAN may be used to create a private wireless sensor network, but may also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing the owners of sensors to deploy them in the field without investing in gateway technology.

Technology attributes
  1. Long range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to over 10 km in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in previously infeasible indoor and underground locations.
  2. Low power: Optimized for power consumption, LPWAN transceivers can run on small, inexpensive batteries for up to 20 years
  3. Low cost: LPWAN's simplified, lightweight protocols reduce complexity in hardware design and lower device costs. Its long range combined with a star topology reduce expensive infrastructure requirements, and the use of license-free or licensed bands reduce network costs.

Platforms and technologies

There are a number of competing standards and vendors in the LPWAN space, the most prominent of which include[4]:

  • DASH7, a low latency, bi-directional firmware standard that operates over multiple LPWAN radio technologies including LoRa.
  • Chirp spread spectrum based
  • Sigfox, UNB-based technology and French company.[5]
  • Weightless is an open standard, narrowband technology for LPWAN used by Ubiik
  • Wize is an open and royalty free standard for LPWAN derived from the European Standard Wireless Mbus.[8]

Ultra-narrow band

Ultra Narrowband (UNB), modulation technology used for LPWAN by various companies including:

  • Sigfox, UNB-based technology and French company.[9]
  • Telensa[10] A Cambridge-based company using UNB-based technology to connect and control streetlights and other city infrastructure.
  • Nwave,[11] proprietary technology developed in cooperation with MIT. Its first release without error correcting codes also forms the basis of the Weightless-N open protocol.[12]
  • Weightless, a set of communication standards from the Weightless SIG.[13]
  • NB-Fi Protocol, developed by WAVIoT company.[14]

Telegram splitting

Telegram splitting is a standardized LPWAN technology in the license-free spectrum.

  • MIoTy, telegram-splitting technology standardized by ETSI (TS 103 357).

Others
  • DASH7 Mode 2 development framework for low power wireless networks, by Haystack Technologies.[15] Runs over many wireless radio standards like LoRa, LTE, 802.15.4g, and others.
  • LTE Advanced for Machine Type Communications (LTE-M), an evolution of LTE communications for connected things by 3GPP.[16]
  • MySensors, DIY Home Automation framework supporting different radios including LoRa.
  • NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT), standardization effort by 3GPP for a LPWAN used in cellular networks,[17] that evolved from Huawei's NB-CIoT effort.[18]
  • Random phase multiple access (RPMA) from Ingenu,[19] formerly known as On-Ramp Wireless, is based on a variation of CDMA technology for cellular phones, but is purpose-built to use unlicensed 2.4GHz spectrum.
  • Taggle Byron. A Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technology from Taggle Systems in Australia. "How Taggle is spreading LPWAN across Australia"
  • Wi-SUN, based on IEEE 802.15.4g.[20]
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See also

References
  1. Beser, Nurettin Burcak. "Operating cable modems in a low power mode." U.S. Patent No. 7,389,528. 17 June 2008.
  2. Schwartzman, Alejandro, and Chrisanto Leano. "Methods and apparatus for enabling and disabling cable modem receiver circuitry." U.S. Patent No. 7,587,746. 8 September 2009.
  3. Ferran Adelantado, Xavier Vilajosana, Pere Tuset-Peiro, Borja Martinez, Joan Melià-Seguí and Thomas Watteyne. Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN (January 2017).
  4. Ramon Sanchez-Iborra; Maria-Dolores Cano (2016). "State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services". Sensors. 16 (5): 708. doi:10.3390/s16050708. PMC 4883399. PMID 27196909.
  5. "SIGFOX Technology". Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  6. "LoRa Integration - Link Labs". Link Labs. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  7. Jesus Sanchez-Gomez; Ramon Sanchez-Iborra (2017). "Experimental comparison of LoRa and FSK as IoT-communication-enabling modulations". IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom'17). doi:10.1109/GLOCOM.2017.8254530.
  8. Sheldon, John (2019-06-25). "French IoT Satellite Company Kinéis Announces Strategic Partnerships With Objenious And Wize Alliance". SpaceWatch.Global. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  9. "SIGFOX Technology". Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  10. "UNB Wireless - Telensa". Telensa. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  11. "Nwave Smart Parking Company".
  12. Nwave
  13. "Weightless-N - Weightless". www.weightless.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  14. "What is NB-Fi Protocol – WAVIoT LPWAN". WAVIoT LPWAN. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  15. "Framework Details". haystacktechnologies.com. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  16. Flynn, Kevin. "Evolution of LTE in Release 13". www.3gpp.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  17. "LTE-M, NB-LTE-M, & NB-IOT: Three 3GPP IoT Technologies To Get Familiar With". Link Labs. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  18. Huawei. "Huawei and partners Leading NB-IoT Standardization -- PHOENIX, Sept. 21, 20 15 /PR Newswire UK/ --". www.prnewswire.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  19. "Ingenu's RPMA Technology". Ingenu. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  20. "Wi-SUN Alliance". Wi-SUN Alliance. 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
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