Kosovo Verification Mission

The Kosovo Verification Mission (KVM) was an OSCE mission to verify that the Serbian,[1][2] and Yugoslav forces[3][4][5][6] were complying with the UN October Agreement to end atrocities in Kosovo, withdraw armed forces from Kosovo, and abide by a ceasefire.[7][8]

Remit

The KVM's job was to monitor parties' compliance with the agreement, to report any breaches to the OSCE, and to help affected civilians in Kosovo. Other requirements included:

  • To report on roadblocks;
  • To oversee elections;
  • To ensure that independent and fair police service was set up.[9]

Operations

United States diplomat William Walker was appointed head of the mission; he was relatively senior, reflecting the importance that NATO put on a peaceful settlement. His deputy was Gabriel Keller.[10]

Despite being much larger and more complex than any previous OSCE mission,[10] the KVM was put together relatively quickly; parts of the team arrived in Kosovo a month after the 16 October agreement. The KVM was divided into five regions, with a headquarters in Pristina.

Immediately after the Agreement, neither side adhered to the ceasefire; state loyalist forces continued to shoot at civilians, and there were sporadic KLA attacks on state forces.[11]

When a KVM team arrived at the scene of the Račak massacre, they found "36 bodies 23 of which were lying in a ditch".[12][13] An independent Finish forensic investigation established that the bodies had evidence of ballistic gunshot trauma from a distance and traces of gunpowder residue on their hands, suggesting that they were killed as a result of a skirmish with Yugoslav police force[14]

Operation Eagle Eye

Operation Eagle Eye was part of the Kosovo Verification Mission during the Kosovo War using aircraft were contributed by France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, the UK, and the USA. Beginning on 17 October 1998, the aim was to monitor the federal Yugoslav government's compliance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199, and in particular the withdrawal of armed forces from Kosovo and compliance with the ceasefire.[15]

The monitors comprised 1,400 ground observers. As a result of Yugoslav troop activities and other forms of non-compliance, the ground observers withdrew citing "an unacceptable level of risk to the peace support verification mission", resulting in an end to aerial verification on March 24, 1999.

Withdrawal

In March 1999, there was an increase in ceasefire violations by both sides; as risks increased, it was decided to withdraw the KVM to Ohrid in Macedonia. Yugoslav forces' reaction to the withdrawal was "remarkably docile" and the KVM was downsized to 250 staff.[8]

Then, after the KVM had left, state forces[16][17][18] began a campaign of killings, rapes, detentions, and deportations of the Kosovar Albanian population.[19]

Refugees fled to Albania, Macedonia, and Montenegro; many refugees had their documents destroyed. In April 1999, the OSCE decided that the KVM should help deal with the refugee chaos; 70 verifiers were sent to Tirana, where they helped coordinate disaster-response and interviewed refugees.[8]

gollark: Kind of worrying given that they're going into self-driving cars and stuff.
gollark: According to my calculations, you see, that would be bad.
gollark: I wonder if the neural networks trained for image recognition and stuff have similar types of weird glitch (obviously not exactly the same problems, but similar classes of thing).
gollark: The take-home lesson is probably just that our brains' visual processing is weirdly messed up in some ways.
gollark: Why would you use Flash? Does anything actually still let you run that?

References
  1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2012-07-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. "SECURITY COUNCIL REJECTS DEMAND FOR CESSATION OF USE OF FORCE AGAINST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  3. "OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission (closed) - OSCE". www.osce.org. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  4. "Serbian Paramilitary Describes Massacre of Kosovo Villagers". 23 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  5. "Serbian court jails nine for 1999 war crimes in Kosovo". 11 February 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
  6. "UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo - 3. Forces of the Conflict". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  7. "WINNING THE WAR AND THE PEACE IN KOSOVO". The White House. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  8. Brigadier-General Maisonneuve. "THE OSCE KOSOVO VERIFICATION MISSION" (PDF). Canadian Military Journal. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  9. Bellamy (April 2001). "Reconsidering Rambouillet". Contemporary Security Policy. 22 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1080/13523260512331391056.
  10. Bellamy; Griffin (2002). "OSCE Peacekeeping: Lessons From the Kosovo Verification Mission". European Security. 11 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/09662830208407522.
  11. "Serbs Leave Kosovo as Deadline Closes In". Los Angeles Times. 27 October 1998. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  12. http://www.osce.org/publications/newsletter/nl-99-01/nl0199e.pdf
  13. "Richard Holbrooke interview". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  14. "Independent forensic autopsies in an armed conflict: investigation of the victims from Racak Kosovo". Sciencedirect. 2001-02-15. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  15. "Operation Eagle Eye". NATO. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  16. "CNN - No evidence of Yugoslav troop withdrawal from Kosovo, NATO says - May 11, 1999". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  17. "Human Rights Watch, Kosovo: Focus on Human Rights". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  18. "BBC News - Europe - Kosovo: The conflict by numbers". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  19. "Erasing History: Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo". U.S. Department of State. May 1999. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
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