Knowledge-based theory of the firm
The knowledge-based theory of the firm considers knowledge as the most strategically significant resource of a firm. Its proponents argue that because knowledge-based resources are usually difficult to imitate and socially complex, heterogeneous knowledge bases and capabilities among firms are the major determinants of sustained competitive advantage and superior corporate performance.
This knowledge is embedded and carried through multiple entities including organizational culture and identity, policies, routines, documents, systems, and employees. Originating from the strategic management literature, this perspective builds upon and extends the resource-based view of the firm (RBV) initially promoted by Penrose (1959) and later expanded by others (Wernerfelt 1984, Barney 1991, Conner 1991).
Although the resource-based view of the firm recognizes the important role of knowledge in firms that achieve a competitive advantage, proponents of the knowledge-based view argue that the resource-based perspective does not go far enough. Specifically, the RBV treats knowledge as a generic resource, rather than having special characteristics. It therefore does not distinguish between different types of knowledge-based capabilities. Information technologies can play an important role in the knowledge-based view of the firm in that information systems can be used to synthesize, enhance, and expedite large-scale intra- and inter-firm knowledge management (Alavi and Leidner 2001).
Whether or not the Knowledge-based theory of the firm actually constitutes a theory has been the subject of considerable debate. See for example, Foss (1996) and Phelan & Lewin (2000). According to one notable proponent of the knowledge-based view of the firm (KBV), "The emerging knowledge-based view of the firm is not a theory of the firm in any formal sense" (Grant, 2002, p. 135).
References
- Alavi, M.; Leidner, D.E. (March 2001). "Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems" (PDF). MIS Quarterly. 25 (1): 107–136. doi:10.2307/3250961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29.
- Conner, K.R. (1991). "A Historical Comparison of the Resource-Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought Within Industrial Organization Economics: Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm?". Journal of Management. 17 (1): 121–154. doi:10.1177/014920639101700109.
- Foss, N. J. "More Critical Comments on Knowledge-Based Theories of the Firm", Organization Science, (7:5), 1996, pp. 519–523.
- Grant, R.M. “Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal (17), Winter Special Issue, 1996, pp. 109–122.
- Grant, R.M. “Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration,” Organization Science (7:4), 1996, pp. 375–387.
- Grant, R.M. “The Knowledge-Based View of the Firm", In C. W. Choo & N. Bontis (Eds.), The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge: 133-148. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kogut, Bruce, and Udo Zander. “Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology,” Organization Science (3:3), 1992, pp. 383–397.
- Kogut, Bruce, and Udo Zander. “The Network as Knowledge: Generative Rules and the Emergence of Structure,” Strategic Management Journal (21), 2000, pp. 405–425.
- Nickerson, J. and Zenger, T. “A knowledge-based theory of the firm: the problem-solving perspective,” Organization Science, (15:6) 2004, 617-632.
- Nonaka, I., and Takeuchi, H. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
- Phelan, S. E. & Lewin, P. "Arriving at a strategic theory of the firm," International Journal of Management Reviews, (2:4), 2000, pp. 305–323.
- Spender, J.C. “Making Knowledge the Basis of a Dynamic Theory of the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal (17), Special Issues, 1996, pp. 45–62.