Khorat Plateau

The Khorat Plateau (Thai: ที่ราบสูงโคราช) is a plateau in the northeastern Thai region of Isan. The plateau forms a natural region, named after the short form of Nakhon Ratchasima, a historical barrier controlling access to and from the area.

Main article: Isan
Khorat Plateau

ที่ราบสูงโคราช
Natural region
Landscape of the Khorat Plateau
A map of the Khorat Plateau region
CountryThailand
Elevation
200 m (700 ft)

Geography

The average elevation is 200 m and it covers an area of about 155,000 km². The saucer-shaped plateau is divided by a range of hills called the Phu Phan Mountains into two basins: the northern Sakhon Nakhon Basin, and the southern Khorat Basin. The plateau tilts from its northwestern corner where it is about 213 m (700 feet) above sea level to the southeast where the elevation is only about 62 metres (200 feet). Except for a few hills in the northeastern corner, the region is primarily gently undulating land, most of it varying in elevation from 90–180 m (300–600 feet), tilting from the Phetchabun Mountains in the west down toward the Mekong River.[1]:1 The plateau is drained by the Mun and Chi Rivers, tributaries to the Mekong that forms the northeastern boundary of the area. It is separated from central Thailand by the Phetchabun Mountains and the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains in the west, the Sankamphaeng Range in the southwest and by the Dângrêk Mountains in the south, all of which historically made access to the plateau difficult.

These mountains together with the Truong Son Range in the northeast catch a lot of the rainfall, so the southwest monsoon has much lower intensity than in other regions—the mean annual rainfall in Nakhon Ratchasima is about 1,150 mm, compared with 1,500 mm in central Thailand. The difference between the dry and wet seasons is much greater, which makes the area less optimal for rice. The portion known as Tung Kula Rong Hai was once exceptionally arid.

Geology
Further information: Nam Phong Formation and Phu Kradung Formation

The plateau uplifted from an extensive plain composed of remnants of the Cimmerian microcontinent, and terranes such as the Shan–Thai Terrane, either late in the Pleistocene or early in the Holocene Epoch,[2] approximately Year 1 of the Holocene calendar. Much of the surface of the plateau was once classified as laterite, and layers that can easily be cut into brick-shaped blocks are still so called, but the classification of soils as various types of oxisols is more useful for agriculture. Oxisols of the type called rhodic ferralsols, or Yasothon soils, formed under humid tropical conditions in the early Tertiary. When portions of the plain uplifted as a plateau, these relict soils, characterized by a bright red color, wound up on uplands in a great semicircle around the southern rim. These soils overlie associated gravel horizons cleared of sand by field termites, in a prolonged and still on-going process of bioturbation. Xanthic ferralsols of the Khorat and Ubon Series, characterized by a pale yellow to brown color, developed in midlands in processes still under investigation, as are those forming lowland soils resembling European brown soils.[3]

Archaeology

Many prehistoric Thailand sites are found on the plateau, with some bronze relics of the Dong Son culture having been discovered. The World Heritage Ban Chiang archaeological site, discovered in 1966, yielded evidence of bronze making beginning c. 2000 BCE, but lacking evidence of weaponry so often associated with the Bronze Age in Europe and the rest of the world.[4] The site appears to have once been part of a broader culture, until abandoned c. 200 CE, not to be resettled until the early-19th century. None Nok Tha in the Phu Wiang District of Khon Kaen yielded evidence of an Iron Age settlement dating from about 1420 to 50 BCE.

The region was once under the suzerainty of the Dvaravati Kingdom, and later under the Khmer Empire. It is dotted with the ruins of Khmer rest houses positioned about 25 km apart, a comfortable day's walk, along the Khmer highways. These were not just places of repose, but also were hospices and libraries, and typically included a baray (pond).[5] Though Higham states, "...we remain largely unaware of the relationships between sites and the presence or otherwise of states on the Khorat plateau" during the 7th to 11th centuries. Muang Sema and Muang Fa Daet are notable though for their religious structures, including sema stones at Muang Fa Daet.[6]:312–316

History

There is a paucity of information from the centuries known as the Post-Angkor Period, but the plateau seems to have been largely depopulated. In 1718, the first Lao muang in the Chi valley—and in fact anywhere in the interior of the Khorat Plateau—was founded at Suwannaphum District, in present-day Roi Et Province, by an official in the service of King Nokasad of the Kingdom of Champasak.[7]

gollark: Yes, fair, I mean "cables" in the general sense.
gollark: Big things use coaxial cable. PCBs use... microstrips, I think?
gollark: No, you sometimes have to transmit RF signals down cables from your antenna.
gollark: Anyway, phones aren't really designed for external antennas, especially since carrying radio-frequency signals down cables or whatever is hard.
gollark: Uncool watches do. Cool watches use atomic frequency standards.

See also

References
  1. Keyes, Charles F (March 1967). "Isan: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand". Cornell Thailand Project; Interim Reports Series, No. 10 (PDF). Ithaca: Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  2. Bunopas, Sangad; Vella, Paul (17–24 November 1992). "Geotectonics and Geologic Evolution of Thailand" (PDF). Bangkok: National Conference on Geologic Resources of Thailand: 224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2011. ...latest Pleistocene early to the Recent regional uplifting must have occurred. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Lofjle, E; Kubiniok, Jochen (1996). "Landform Development and Bioturbation on the Khorat Plateau, Northeast Thailand". Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 44: 199–216. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  4. K. Kris Hirst. "Ban Chiang, Thailand Bronze Age Village and Cemetery". About.com. Retrieved 28 Dec 2010.
  5. Werner, Ulrich. "Thailand's Ancient Civilizations, Isaan Heartland". Your Guide to Thai Culture. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  6. Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
  7. Brow, James (1976), "Population, land and structural change in Sri Lanka and Thailand", Contributions to Asian studies, Kogan Page (issue 9): 47, ISBN 90-04-04529-5

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