Khalid ibn Hashim

Khaled ibn Hashimi ibn Hajj Abd al Qadir was the grandson of the military leader Abd al Qadir and was for a time a prominent opponent of the nature of French colonial rule in Algeria.

Early years

Khaled ibn Hashimi was born in 1875 in Syria, where he grew up. He studied in Paris and went on to become an officer in the French army. He served with the army in Morocco.[1]

Politics

Khaled ibn Hashimi was well known in Algeria thanks to his grandfather's protracted struggle with the French, and he was commonly referred to as the Emir. In 1913, he signed the program of the Young Algerians. He went on to help establish the Union Franco-Algérienne in 1914.[1] Khaled continued to serve in the French army, and fought in the trenches during the First World War until he was struck down with Tuberculosis.[2]

After the Jonnart Law was passed in 1919, Khaled split with other members of the Union Franco-Algérienne such an Benthai, on the grounds that the Jonnart Law was insufficient. In the elections that followed in the same year, Khaled won a major victory. However he was feared by the colons who got the result overturned and rigged the election that followed in 1920.[2] By 1923, Khaled was becoming frustrated with French intransigence, and was becoming isolated from his allies who feared his personal influence. Further, he had built up considerable debts which left him vulnerable to attack. The French government offered to pay off these debts if he would go into exile. He accepted this offer, withdrew from the election he was contesting, closed down his personal publication, and went into exile in Damascus. From there and from Paris, he continued to pursue his political program, but his influence declined.[3] Over time, Khaled moved increasingly towards more secular and nationalist politics, appearing alongside communists and others.[2]

When Khaled died in January 1936, there was an outpouring of grief in Algeria. He became, for many, a symbol of Algerian nationalism.[3] However, there has been some controversy over whether Khaled can be defined as a nationalist, due to his demands for Algerians to be able to maintain their Islamic identity and his association with secular nationalists in his later years, or whether he was an assimilationist, due to his demands for reform within the French system.[2]

gollark: You probably could do an actual Morse code light, but I think if you can only move things around and heat them instead of actually generating light directly it would be more efficient to do the movable arms thingy.
gollark: Between ships and docks, maybe, for example? That might be useful.
gollark: Also shortish-range communication.
gollark: I mean, if they could be made small and self-powered/low-maintenence, it might be workable.
gollark: Which means accurately made lenses and stuff too, I guess?

References
  1. J. Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation, (Bloomington, 2005), p. 109.
  2. L. Zack, "Early origins of Islamic activism in Algeria: the case of Khaled in post-World War I Algiers", Journal of North African Studies, 11:2 (2006).
  3. J. Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation, (Bloomington, 2005), p. 131.
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