Khải Định

Khải Định (Vietnamese: [xa᷉ːj ɗîŋ̟ˀ]; chữ Hán: 啓定; born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo; 8 October 1885 – 6 November 1925) was the 12th Emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnam, reigning from 1916 to 1925. His name at birth was Prince Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo. He was the son of Emperor Đồng Khánh, but he did not succeed him immediately.

Khải Định
Emperor of Đại Nam under French protectorate of Annam and Tonkin
Emperor Khải Định
Emperor of Đại Nam
Reign18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925
PredecessorDuy Tân
SuccessorBảo Đại
Emperor of Nguyễn Dynasty
Reign18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925
PredecessorDuy Tân
SuccessorBảo Đại
Born8 October 1885
Imperial City, Huế, French Indochina
Died6 November 1925 (aged 40)
Imperial City, Huế, French Indochina
Burial
Ứng Lăng (應陵)
Spouse12 including Trương Như Thị Tịnh
Noble Consort of First Rank, Ân phi Hồ Thị Chỉ
Hoàng Thị Cúc, Empress Mother Đoan Huy
IssueNguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy
Full name
Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo (阮福寶嶹)
Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn (阮福晙)
Era name and dates
Khải Định (啓定): 1916 – 1925
Posthumous name
Tự Thiên Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế(嗣天嘉運聖明神智仁孝誠敬貽謨承烈宣皇帝)
Temple name
Hoằng Tông (弘宗)
HouseNguyễn
FatherĐồng Khánh
MotherEmpress Hựu Thiên
ReligionBuddhism, Ruism
Signature

Biography
Khải Định
Vietnamese name
VietnameseKhải Định
Hán-Nôm啓定
Birth name
Vietnamese alphabetNguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo
Hán-Nôm阮福寶嶹

Before Emperor Đồng Khánh's era came the eras of Emperor Thành Thái and Emperor Duy Tân, both of whom were exiled by the French for their resistance to the colonial regime. After this trouble, the French decided to enthrone Bửu Đảo as he was the son of the monarch who was the most submissive Nguyễn collaborator with the colonial regime, standing with the French colonizers and opposing any independence movements, Emperor Đồng Khánh.

Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo became the nominal ruler of Annam on 18 May 1916, after the exile of Duy Tân (Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San) and took the name Khải Định for his reign, meaning "auger of peace and stability." He said he wanted to restore the prestige of the empire, but this was not possible with his close collaboration with the French occupiers. Although not satisfied with his position, Khải Định enacted a policy of close collaboration with the French government and was effectively a puppet political figurehead for the French colonial rulers, following all of their instructions to give "legitimacy" to French policies.

Because of this, Khải Định was very unpopular with the Vietnamese people. The nationalist leader Phan Châu Trinh accused him of selling out his country to the French and living in imperial luxury while the people were exploited by France. Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote a play about Khải Định called "The Bamboo Dragon" that ridiculed him as being all grand appearance and ceremony but a powerless puppet of the French government.

From 1919 onward, the Emperor made a decree that Vietnam cease to use Chinese as official written language and was replaced by Romanized Vietnamese.

In 1922, the Emperor's visit to France to see the Marseilles Colonial Exhibition was also ridiculed by nationalist leaders, who hated Vietnam's status as a colonial subject of France and saw nothing in the exhibition worth celebrating.

Emperor Khải Định's unpopularity reached its peak in 1923 when he authorized the French to raise taxes on the Vietnamese peasants, part of which was to pay for the building of his palatial tomb, and which caused a great deal of hardship. He also signed the orders of arrest against many nationalist leaders, such as Phan Bội Châu, forcing them into exile and having their followers who were captured beheaded.

Marriages and sexuality

When he was still Duke of Phụng Hóa, Emperor Khải Định married his first wife Trương Như Thị Tịnh in 1907. She left him in 1915 and became a nun, before he was enthroned. Upon ascending the throne, he married his second wife, Ân phi, Noble consort of the first rank Hồ Thị Chỉ (1902–1982) of An Truyền Hồ Đắc clan. She is a daughter of Hồ Đắc Trung, who became Annam's Minister for Public Instruction. Emperor Khải Định had his first and only son with one of his concubines, Hoàng Thị Cúc (1890-1980). She gave birth to Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy (later Emperor Bảo Đại) in 1913. After Khải Định's ascension, she was given the title of Huệ tần, noble consort of the third rank, later elevated to the title Huệ phi, noble consort of the second rank.

Historical records and studies state that Emperor Khải Định only had homosexual desires. He rarely slept with his wives during his reign. He was close to his male guard, Nguyễn Đắc Vọng, and always slept with him.[1]

Death

Khải Định suffered poor health like his father and became a drug addict. He died of tuberculosis in the Imperial City of Huế, according to his concubine Ba Phi, who described him as "not interested in sex" and "physically weak".[2]

  • Emperor Khải Định in his study (1916)
  • Emperor Khải Định, 1916
  • Flying dragon. Phi long (coin) of Khải Định
  • The inside of the tomb featuring porcelain art
  • Tomb of Emperor Khai Dinh, Hue
  • Khai Dinh Mausoleum Hue
  • Mandarin soldiers Khai Dinh tomb Hue
  • the statue of Emperor Khải Định in mausoleum
  • Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy to France,1922.
  • Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy paid tribute to World War I memorials
  • Inside tomb of Khải Định.
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See also

References
  1. "'Chẩn đoán' căn bệnh 'bất lực' của vua Khải Định" (in Vietnamese). 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 Jan 2015.
  2. "In Vietnam, the Queen Mother Clings to a Faded Court Life". The New York Times. 28 August 1973. p. 30.

Media related to Emperor Khải Định at Wikimedia Commons

Khải Định
House of Nguyễn Phúc
Born: 8 October 1885 Died: 6 November 1925
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Duy Tân		 Emperor of Vietnam
1916 – 6 November 1925		 Succeeded by
Bảo Đại
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