Kettling

Kettling (also known as containment or corralling)[1] is a police tactic for controlling large crowds during demonstrations or protests. It involves the formation of large cordons of police officers who then move to contain a crowd within a limited area. Protesters either leave through an exit controlled by the police or are contained, prevented from leaving, and arrested.

For other uses, see Kettle (disambiguation).
Riot police kettling protesters at the Camp for Climate action, part of the 2009 G-20 London summit protests

The tactic has proved controversial, in part because it has resulted in the detention of ordinary bystanders as well as protesters.[2] In March 2012 kettling was ruled lawful by the European Court of Human Rights following a legal challenge.[3]

Tactics

The term "kettle" is a metaphor, likening the containment of protesters to the containment of heat and steam within a domestic kettle. Its modern English usage may come from "kessel" – literally a cauldron, or kettle in German – that describes an encircled army about to be annihilated by a superior force.[4] A cauldron is expected to be "boiling" with combat activity, the large enemy forces still quite able to offer "hot" resistance in the initial stages of encirclement, and so are to be contained, but not engaged directly.

To avoid allusions to military confrontation, kettling is sometimes described as "corralling," likening the tactic to the enclosure of livestock. Although large groups are difficult to control, this can be done by concentrations of police. The tactic prevents the large group breaking into smaller splinters that have to be individually chased down, thus requiring the policing to break into multiple groups.[5] Once the kettle has been formed, the cordon is tightened, which may include the use of baton charges to restrict the territory occupied by the protesters.

The cordon is then maintained for a number of hours: the ostensible aim is to leave would-be "violent" protesters too tired to do anything but want to go home.[6] Peter Waddington, a sociologist and former police officer who helped develop the theory behind kettling, wrote: "I remain firmly of the view that containment succeeds in restoring order by using boredom as its principle weapon, rather than fear as people flee from on-rushing police wielding batons."[7]

Kettling has been criticized for being an indiscriminate tactic which leads to the detention of law-abiding citizens and innocent bystanders.[8] In some cases protesters are reported to have been denied access to food, water and toilet facilities for long periods.[2] Further criticism has been made that in some instances the tactic has been used to foment disorder with the aim of changing the focus of public debate.[9] In some countries the tactic has led to legal challenges on the grounds of human rights violations.

By country

Canada
Kettling at the G20 Summit in Toronto (2010)

On June 27, 2010, 200 persons, including protesters, bystanders and news reporters, were kettled in Toronto at the intersection of Queen St. and Spadina Ave. during the G20 summit protests. Several hundred people were also kettled outside of the Novotel Hotel on the Esplanade and arrested.[10] The following year the Toronto Police Department swore to never use kettling again.[11] In August 2015, police superintendent David 'Mark' Fenton was convicted of two charges of unlawful arrest and one charge of discreditable conduct, disciplinary offences under the Police Act, for ordering the kettling in 2010.[12] However, the judge convicting Fenton also made it clear that "That said, containing or kettling is not illegal".[13]

On March 15, 2011, 250–300 protesters in Montréal were kettled on St-Denis just north of Mont Royal during the Annual March Against Police Brutality. Police used stun grenades, riot gear, and horses to kettle the crowd.[14]

On May 23, 2012, police in Montréal moved in on student protesters, kettling them and making 518 arrests—the largest number in one night since the student protests began weeks earlier.[15]

On March 15, 2013, at the annual police brutality march, the police kettled a group of protesters on Ste-Catherine street in Montréal after the march was declared illegal for not presenting an itinerary before the protest. After almost two hours of attempting to break up the groups protesting, the police closed in and arrested anyone caught in the kettle. At the end of the evening, police stated that there were around 250 arrests, 2 injured police officers and one protester who was unwell.[16]

Denmark

Between 250 and 1000 non-violent protesters at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen were kettled by police. A police spokesman said that the detainment was necessary to avoid disorder.[17]

Finland

Finnish anarchist demonstration Smash Asem was prevented from taking place when 200 riot police and hundreds of other police and Finnish Border Guard personnel kettled around 300 to 500 demonstrators and bystanders in front of Kiasma in downtown Helsinki for over 3 hours on 9 September 2006.

France

On the Guillotière bridge In Lyon, on the 20 October 2010, a few hundred protesters were kettled for several hours. The next day in Place Bellecour, about 500 citizens and protesters defending public pension were kettled for six hours without food or water by both the police and the military. They were prevented from marching, and tear gas and water cannons were used.[18]

Germany

An early example of kettling was by German police in 1986. During a demonstration by anti-nuclear protesters at Heiligengeistfeld, Hamburg on 8 May, Hamburg Police cordoned approximately 800 people into a "kettle" for several hours.[19] German kettling tactics distinguish a stationary form of detention (Polizeikessel) and a mobile form, in which protesters are enclosed by a mobile police cordon while they march (Wanderkessel).[20] These types of police cordon were also regularly used in the UK before the tactic got refined at the N30 protest (see below), and dubbed a kettle.

Kettling has been challenged in the German courts on several occasions. The 1986 Hamburger Kessel was ruled unlawful by the administrative court of Hamburg. The district court found German police guilty of wrongful deprivation of personal liberty.

Following an anti-nuclear protest in 2002 in Hitzacker, Lower Saxony, a protester took a case to court because she had been denied access to toilets when she was held within a police kettle. The district court found that she had been handled inhumanely and that the police had acted unlawfully.[21]

Spain

On 16 May 2012, Acampada Sol called for a cacerolazo because the Spanish risk premium exceeded 500 points that day. The demonstrators were marching through Calle Alcalá, in Madrid, when police forces surrounded them for more than 30 minutes; after the kettled protesters asked for solidarity through the Internet, several additional hundred people gathered outside of the kettle. Around 500 demonstrators waited seated on the pavement until the police forces finally removed the blockade, allowing them to leave the area and return to Puerta del Sol.[22] During the peaceful demonstrations in Catalonia, following the arrest of exiled president Carles Puigdemont by German authorities in 2018, police used kettling as a way of breaking up the protests.[23]

United Kingdom

The Battle of Orgreave, a violent day in the year long Miners' Strike in Great Britain, has been cited as an early example of police kettling a crowd of protesters.[24]

Parliament Square Disability Rights Demonstration, 1995

The kettling tactic was used in the UK against disabled people during a Disability Rights Demonstration in Parliament Square, London, in October 1995. [25]

N30 anti-WTO demonstration, 1999

The kettling tactic was used in the UK at the N30 anti-WTO protest at Euston station, London (parallel to the shut-down of the meeting in Seattle) on November 30, 1999.[26] It was a development of previously used police cordoning tactics - the difference was the long length of time, constant impermeability and the small size of the kettle.

May Day 2001

The tactic was used in the UK by the London Metropolitan Police during the May Day riots of 2001 to contain demonstrators. However, the action also resulted in large numbers of bystanders as well as peaceful demonstrators being detained in Oxford Circus.[2]

G8 summit, 2005

Kettling was later used at protests against the 31st G8 summit, held in 2005.[27]

G20, 2009

Kettling was used once again during the 2009 G-20 London summit protests outside the Bank of England, as part of the police Territorial Support Group's "Operation Glencoe".[2] When police started to allow protesters to leave the kettle, they were photographed by Forward Intelligence Teams and told to give their names and addresses. Some refused to do so and were forced back into the kettle by police.[28] A number of complaints over the tactic were subsequently made to the Independent Police Complaints Commission.[29] Bob Broadhurst, the commanding officer during the protests, said that, "kettling was the best option" to counter the potential of widespread disruption by protesters".[30]

On April 15, 2009, Scotland Yard ordered a review of these tactics. Criticism of the policing of demonstrations has been increasing, and amateur video footage which recorded two incidents of violent police behaviour, notably the death of Ian Tomlinson, brought police tactics into the media spotlight. The incidents were said by Sir Paul Stephenson, Metropolitan Police Commissioner, to be "clearly disturbing",[31] and Stephenson ordered the review to consider whether the tactic is "appropriate and proportionate".[31] The video footage also showed that police officers were concealing their shoulder identification numbers whilst on duty.[32]

An inquiry was held by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) into an incident during the G20 protests, in which a woman held in a kettle suffered injuries from police action and subsequently experienced a suspected miscarriage. The inquiry concluded in August 2009 that the Metropolitan Police should review its crowd control methods, including the tactic of kettling.[33]

Denis O'Connor, Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary, said in a report concerning the policing of the G20 protests that some police commanders did not understand the House of Lords' ruling[34] regarding kettling. He also stated that containing protesters in a kettle was "inadequate" and belonged to a "different era" of policing. He did not suggest that kettling should be abandoned but rather that the methods must be adapted so that peaceful protesters and bystanders are able to leave the kettle.[35] The report also commissioned a survey, conducted by MORI which found that the majority of the UK public do feel that the use of kettling is appropriate in some situations. Depending on the circumstances, between 10% and 20% of those questioned feel that it is never appropriate to contain people in this way.[36]

In April 2011, the High Court of Justice ruled that kettling on that occasion was illegal, and it set out new guidelines as to when police were permitted to kettle protesters.[37] This means that the police "may only take such preventive action as a last resort catering for situations about to descend into violence".[38] Police would still legally be allowed to kettle if they had reason to believe that violence would break out.

Student protests, 2010

Kettling was used during the 24 November 2010 student protest in London and in various other locations around the country. Guardian blogger Dave Hill thought the kettling was in retrospect "probably inevitable", after the protest two weeks before had led to damage at the Conservative party headquarters.[39] In July 2011 three school children challenged the use of kettling of children at this protest. They sought a judicial review in the High Court, arguing it broke the laws of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Children Act 2004, mainly the right to protest and the safety of children.[40]

Kettling was used to contain student protesters in Parliament Square on 9 December 2010 and thereafter on Westminster Bridge.[41] Protesters were trapped in Trafalgar Square and other landmarks for up to nine hours. An anaesthetist from Aberdeen Royal Infirmary working as part of a field hospital said that there was a serious health and safety risk to people trapped in the kettle and some suffered crush injuries whilst others were nearly pushed off Westminster Bridge into the freezing Thames, likening it to the Hillsborough disaster.[42]

Anti-Cuts protests, 2011

Kettling was again used at the March 2011 anti-cuts protest in London. Activists were given assurances by Metropolitan police that they would be shown to safety after the protest, which was described as non-violent and sensible. Once outside, the protesters were kettled, handcuffed and taken into custody.[43]

In 2012, kettling was deemed lawful, overturning a previous High Court ruling. The ruling was immediately criticised by protesters and their lawyers, who plan to take the matter to the Supreme Court.[44]

Following the use of "kettling" during the May Day protest in 2001, two people who had been corralled by the police at Oxford Circus sued the Metropolitan Police for wrongful detention, alleging that it was in breach of the European Convention of Human Rights, and that they had been held without access to food, water or toilets.[45] The pair lost their court action in 2005,[46] and their appeal failed in 2007[47] when the Court of Appeal backed the High Court ruling.

In 2009, Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis,[48] a ruling by the House of Lords, decided that the High Court was entitled to take into consideration the "purpose" of the deprivation of liberty before deciding if human rights laws applied at all.[49] Summing up, Lord Hope said:

There is room, even in the case of fundamental rights as to whose application no restriction or limitation is permitted by the Convention, for a pragmatic approach which takes full account of all the circumstances.

— Baron Hope of Craighead, quoted in The Guardian[50]

A plaintiff from the 2001 protest, along with three non-protesting members of the public who had been kettled by police, took an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights, claiming that kettling violated Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the right to liberty and security. It was reported:

Austin, who the court accepted was a lawful and peaceful demonstrator prevented by her detention from collecting her child, is to take her case to the European Court of Human Rights. It is to be hoped the ECHR will look again at the question of whether the "balance" and "public safety" is all on the side of allowing the police to carry out long containments or whether such imprisonment does not after all breach fundamental rights.

— Louise Christian, The Guardian[50]

In March 2012 the Court ruled that kettling was lawful and that the Metropolitan Police were entitled to detain groups of people as "the least intrusive and most effective means to protect the public from violence". On the issues related to the European Convention on Human Rights, the court ruled:[3]

Article 5 did not have to be construed in such a way as to make it impracticable for the police to fulfil their duties of maintaining order and protecting the public.

— Grand Chamber, European Court of Human Rights, Ruling, March 2012[3]

United States

Anti-Globalization movement, Washington D.C., 2002

As part of ongoing anti-globalization demonstrations and early demonstrations against the impending invasion of Iraq, several hundred protesters and bystanders were kettled in Pershing Park and subsequently arrested, resulting in large, sometimes record-breaking class-action settlements and ongoing litigation to restrict the practice.[51]

Iraq War Protest, Chicago, 2003

In 2012 the City of Chicago agreed to a $6.2 million class-action settlement over the mass arrest of protesters and passersby kettled during a massive protest marking the start of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[52] After previously halting and turning around as many as 8,000 marchers near the intersection of Oak Street and Michigan Avenue, for several hours Chicago police unlawfully detained over 1,000 people kettled on Chicago Avenue between Michigan and Mies van der Rohe Way, ultimately arresting over 900 people without probable cause.[53]

Republican National Convention, New York City, 2004

Police used orange mesh snow fencing on several occasions to cordon and corral protesters at various locations.[54]

Occupy Wall Street, 2011

In response to the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City, police have used orange mesh snow fencing to contain crowds of protesters.[55][56]

UC Berkeley Student March, Berkeley 2014

Kettling, in addition to tear gas and rubber bullets, were used by police in an attempt to disperse protesters at the University of California Berkeley. The students were protesting decisions by grand juries in New York City and Ferguson, Missouri, to not indict police officers whose actions led to the deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown, respectively.[57]

Presidential Inauguration of Donald Trump, 2017

Police officers in the District of Columbia used kettling on a large group of protesters at the intersection of 12th and L streets on January 20, 2017. Among those detained and later charged were several journalists,[58] who were accused of felony rioting.

St. Louis, 2017

The St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department (SLMPD) and other agencies (including the St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD) and the Missouri State Highway Patrol (MSHP)), conducted two kettles in St. Louis on September 17 and October 3 during the protests of 2017. Over one hundred people were arrested in each instance. Ten journalists were arrested, six of these allege being beaten and/or pepper sprayed, and an undercover police officer was also arrested and beaten. Riot police and bicycle units pepper sprayed and beat many people on September 17,[59] triggering over a dozen lawsuits and a FBI/DOJ investigation that led to federal indictments of 4 SLMPD officers who put undercover officer Luther Hall in the hospital,[60] who himself previously was sued twice for beating a disabled man[61] and for civil rights violations of protesters.[62]

George Floyd protests, 2020

In May and June of 2020, many cities in the United States experienced nationwide protests, rioting and looting following the alleged killing of George Floyd by a policeman in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Police responded aggressively to both the riots and peaceful protesters, the latter in violation of first amendment protections. Police in some jurisdictions used kettling to trap and attack protesters using weapons such as tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets and batons. Kettling was used extensively by the New York City Police Department to prevent peaceful protesters from leaving the streets before a curfew and subsequently using the curfew as a justification to attack and arrest protesters.[63] On June 2, 2020, the New York City Police Department trapped 5,000 protestors on the Manhattan Bridge for nearly an hour before letting them disperse to the Brooklyn side of the bridge.[64][65][63] In Washington DC on June 1, 2020, police kettled 60 protesters into a house on Swann Street, making repeated attempts to extract them. The protesters were able to leave the next morning when curfew lifted.[66]It was also used in Dallas on the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in which protesters were tear gassed and zip tied before being detained.

gollark: 47#5
gollark: That-is-terrible-design-but-it's-an-esolang-ization·?
gollark: <@337621533369303042> <@330678593904443393> <@319753218592866315> Your move.
gollark: !esowiki Butng
gollark: Wait a minute. Different capitalizations of rUST can encode base 16 data!

See also

References
  1. Davenport, Justin (3 April 2009). "Police defend 'corralling' thousands of protesters for eight hours in City". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 2009-04-20.
  2. Joyce, Julian (16 April 2009). "Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat". BBC News. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  3. "European court says 'kettling' tactics in 2001 lawful". BBC News. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  4. Joyce, Julian (9 December 2010). "Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat". BBC.
  5. Campbell, Duncan (3 April 2009). "Did the handling of the G20 protests reveal the future of policing?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
  6. Szalavitz, Maia. "Bystander Psychology: Why Some Witnesses to Crime Do Nothing".
  7. Waddington, Peter (21 April 2009). "At boiling point: Policing and crowd control expert, Professor Peter Waddington, assesses the controversial 'kettling' technique employed at the G20 conference". Birmingham Post. p. 21.
  8. Laville, Sandra; Campbell, Duncan (3 April 2009). "Baton charges and kettling". London: Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
  9. Hudson, Alastair (20 January 2011). "Defeated by violence and silence". London: TSL Education.
  10. Poisson, Jayme (29 June 2010). "'Kettling' police tactic controversial everywhere it was used". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  11. Poisson, Jaume (22 June 2011). "Exclusive: Toronto police swear off G20 kettling tactic". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  12. Wendy Gillis (August 25, 2015). "G20 commander apologizes after being convicted of misconduct". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  13. Cara McKenna, The Canadian Press (August 25, 2015). "More than five years later, senior officer found guilty over mass arrests, 'kettling' at 2010 G20 protests". National Post. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  14. Poisson, Dario Ayala (15 March 2011). "Video: The annual Montreal demonstration against police brutality". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  15. "Police kettle Montreal student protesters, arresting 518".
  16. Christopher Curtis (March 15, 2013). "Cops jump on anti-brutality march early". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013.
  17. Rawlinson, Kevin; Ben Ferguson (12 December 2009). "Anti-corporate demonstrators arrested". London: The Independent. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  18. "Témoignages sur la prison à ciel ouvert" (in French). rebellyon.info. 2010-10-22.
  19. "Hamburg Heiligengeistfeld 8. Juni 1986" (in German). Nadir. Retrieved 2009-04-19. Polizeiterror gegen AKW-Gegner/innen - 800 Menschen einen Tag eingekesselt (Police terror against anti-nuclear activists - 800 people kettled in one day)
  20. See also Polizeikessel and Wanderkessel (German Wikipedia)
  21. "Gericht: Klo-Verbot ist menschenunwürdig (Court: Toilet ban is inhumane)". castor.de (in German). Elbe-Jeetzel-Zeitung. 2004-10-23. Retrieved 2009-04-19. Castor-Ankunft 2002: Frau musste Notdurft im Polizeikessel verrichten - Urteil: Polizei handelte rechtswidrig (Castor protest 2002: woman had to answer call of nature in police cordon - Judgement: Police acted unlawfully)
  22. Pérez-Lanzac, Carmen (16 May 2012). "La cacerolada del 15-M, atrapada una hora entre antidisturbios en Alcalá Parliament Square (in Spanish)". El País. elpais.es.
  23. "Tens of thousands protest in Barcelona against Puigdemont detention".
  24. Johnson, Dan (12 June 2015). "Background: 'The Battle of Orgreave'". BBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  25. "Disability Rights Demonstration - Parliament Square, London October 1995". flickr.com. 16 July 2008.
  26. "A brief history of "kettling"". Indymedia.org.uk. 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
  27. THE CARNIVAL CONTINUES... Lydia Molyneaux
  28. Campbell, Duncan (April 2, 2009). "G20: Did police containment cause more trouble than it prevented?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  29. Gill, Charlotte; Sears, Neil (2009-04-16). "Watchdog receives 145 complaints over G20 police as protester struck by officer demands compensation | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  30. "'Training concern' for G20 police". BBC News. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  31. Murphy, Megan (Wednesday 15 April 2009)Police to review ‘kettling’ tactics The Financial Times. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  32. Bishopsgate police officer refuses to give ID number The Guardian Retrieved 9 May 2009
  33. Fresco, Adam (2009-08-06). "Police must change protest tactics after suspected G20 miscarriage". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
  34. "Use of Close Containment". House of Commons. 29 June 2009.
  35. Lewis, Paul (7 July 2009). "G20 police chiefs were unclear on kettling law, report finds". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  36. O'Connor, Denis, Her Majesty’s Chief Inspector of Constabulary (7 July 2009). "Adapting to Protest" (PDF). Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
  37. "Moos & Anor, R (on the application of) v Police of the Metropolis [2011] EWHC 957 (Admin) (14 April 2011)". Bailii.org. 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  38. "UK court rules that kettling was illegal". Boing Boing. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  39. Hill, Dave (25 November 2010). "Kettling questions". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
  40. "Kettling of children at tuition fees protest challenged". BBC London. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
  41. Julian Joyce, (December 9, 2010) Police 'kettle' tactic feels the heat BBC
  42. Townsend, Mark; Malik, Shiv (19 December 2010). "Kettle tactics risk Hillsborough-style tragedy". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  43. Shiv Malik, (March 2011) Cuts protesters claim police tricked them into mass arrest The Guardian
  44. Owen Bowcott (19 January 2012). "Kettling protesters is lawful, appeal court rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
  45. "Police sued over May Day protest". BBC News. 2002-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  46. "Pair lose protest damages claim". BBC News. 2005-03-23. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  47. "Pair lose May Day protest claim". BBC News. 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  48. [2009] UKHL 5
  49. "Judgments - Austin (FC) (Appellant) & another v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (Respondent)". House of Lords Appellate Committee. 2009-01-28. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  50. Christian, Louise (Thursday 2 April 2009) G20: Questions need to be asked about 'kettling' Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
  51. "PCJF and U.S. Gov't reach $2.2 million settlement over 2002 mass arrests, includes landmark reforms in U.S. Park Police practices".
  52. "City reaches $6.2 mil settlement in 2003 Chicago protest lawsuit". Crain's Chicago Business. Chicago. Associated Press. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  53. Vodak v. City of Chicago, 639 F.3d 738 (7th Cir. 17 March 2011).
  54. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2014-08-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. News, ABC. "80 Reported Arrested in Wall Street Protest". ABC News.
  56. Wells, Matt (25 September 2011). "Police crack down on 'Occupy Wall Street' protests". The Guardian. London.
  57. "Berkeley cops use rubber bullets, tear gas to disperse protests against police brutality". www.rawstory.com.
  58. Swaine, Jon (24 January 2017). "Four more journalists get felony charges after covering inauguration unrest" – via www.theguardian.com.
  59. Sugars, Stephanie (March 15, 2018). "Journalists covering protests in US risk getting caught up in police kettling tactic". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2018-11-30.]
  60. Patrick, Robert (November 30, 2018). "4 St. Louis police officers indicted, accused of beating an undercover colleague during Stockley protests". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  61. Patrick, Robert (June 11, 2010). "$865,000 verdict for man who alleged police beating". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
  62. Appel, et al. v. City of St. Louis, et al.
  63. Watkins, Ali (5 June 2020). "'Kettling' of Peaceful Protesters Shows Aggressive Shift by N.Y. Police". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  64. Groundwater, Colin. ""Kettling" Is Supposed to Defuse Protests—Instead, It Does the Opposite". GQ. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  65. Falconer, Rebecca. "AOC slams NYPD over reports of police kettling in protesters on Manhattan Bridge". Axios. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  66. Beaujon, Andrew (2 June 2020). "DC Police Again Turn to "Kettling," a Controversial Crowd Control Technique | Washingtonian (DC)". Washingtonian. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.