Keirsey Temperament Sorter
The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves and others. It was first introduced in the book Please Understand Me. It is one of the most widely used personality assessments in the world, and its user base consists of major employers including Bank of America, Allstate, the U.S. Air Force, IBM, 7-Eleven, Safeco, AT&T, and Coca-Cola. The KTS is closely associated with the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI); however, there are significant practical and theoretical differences between the two personality questionnaires and their associated different descriptions.
Four temperaments
David Keirsey expanded on the ancient study of temperament by Hippocrates and Plato. In his works, Keirsey used the names suggested by Plato: Artisan (iconic), Guardian (pistic), Idealist (noetic), and Rational (dianoetic). Keirsey divided each of the four temperaments into two categories (roles), each with two types (role variants). The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers.[1]
- Artisans are concrete and adaptable. Seeking stimulation and virtuosity, they are concerned with making an impact. Their greatest strength is tactics. They excel at troubleshooting, agility, and the manipulation of tools, instruments, and equipment.[2] The two roles are as follows:
- Operators are the directive (proactive) Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is expediting. The attentive Crafters and the expressive Promoters are the two role variants.
- Entertainers are the informative (reactive) Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is improvising. The attentive Composers and the expressive Performers are the two role variants.
- Guardians are concrete and organized (scheduled). Seeking security and belonging, they are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is logistics. They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting. The two roles are as follows:
- Administrators are the directive (proactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is regulating. The attentive Inspectors and the expressive Supervisors are the two role variants.
- Conservators are the informative (reactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is supporting. The attentive Protectors and the expressive Providers are the two role variants.
- Idealists are abstract and compassionate. Seeking meaning and significance, they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is diplomacy. They excel at clarifying, individualizing, unifying, and inspiring. The two roles are as follows:
- Mentors are the directive (proactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is developing. The attentive Counselors and the expressive Teachers are the two role variants.
- Advocates are the informative (reactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is mediating. The attentive Healers and the expressive Champions are the two role variants.
- Rationals are abstract and objective. Seeking mastery and self-control, they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is strategy. They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating. The two roles are as follows:
- Coordinators are the directive (proactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is arranging. The attentive Masterminds and the expressive Fieldmarshals are the two role variants.
- Engineers are the informative (reactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is constructing. The attentive Architects and the expressive Inventors are the two role variants.
Understanding the sorter descriptions
Although the descriptions of the individual temperaments and role variants were written as a whole, temperament itself can be understood by comparing it to the rings of a tree:[3]
- The inner ring: abstract versus concrete
- According to Keirsey, everyone can engage in both observation and introspection. When people touch objects, watch a basketball game, taste food, or otherwise perceive the world through their senses, they are observant. When people reflect and focus on their internal world, they are introspective. However, individuals cannot engage in observation and introspection at the same time. The extent to which people are more observant or introspective directly affects their behavior.
- People who are generally observant are more 'down to earth.' They are more concrete in their worldview and tend to focus on practical matters such as food, shelter, and their immediate relationships. However, Carl Jung used the word sensation when describing people who prefer irrational perception of the sensory experience, whether abstract or concrete. People who are generally introspective are more 'head in the clouds.' They are more abstract in their world view and tend to focus on global or theoretical issues such as equality or engineering. Carl Jung used the word intuition when describing people who prefer abstract conception.
- The second ring: cooperative versus pragmatic (utilitarian)
- Keirsey uses the words cooperative (complying) and pragmatic (adaptive) when comparing the differing temperaments. People who are cooperative pay more attention to other people's opinions and are more concerned with doing the right thing. People who are pragmatic (utilitarian) pay more attention to their own thoughts or feelings and are more concerned with doing what works.
- This ring, in combination with the inner ring, determines a person's temperament. The pragmatic temperaments are Rationals (pragmatic and abstract) and Artisans (pragmatic and concrete). The cooperative temperaments are Idealists (cooperative and abstract), and Guardians (cooperative and concrete). Neither Myers nor Jung included the concept of temperament in their work. Jung's psychological functions are hard to relate to Keirsey's concepts.
- The third ring: directive (proactive) versus informative (reactive)
- The third ring distinguishes between people who generally communicate by informing others versus people who generally communicate by directing others.
There is no comparable idea of Myers or Jung that corresponds to this dichotomy, so this is a significant difference between Keirsey's work and that of Myers and Jung. Each of the four temperaments is subdivided by this distinction for a result of eight roles.
- The directive roles are Operators (directive Artisans), Administrators (directive Guardians), Mentors (directive Idealists), and Coordinators (directive Rationals). The informative roles are Entertainers (informative Artisans), Conservators (informative Guardians), Advocates (informative Idealists), and Engineers (informative Rationals).
- The fourth ring: expressive versus attentive
- The fourth ring describes how people interact with their environment. Individuals who prefer more overt action [saying and doing] during covert acting [conception and perception] (observing or introspecting) are described as expressive, whereas people who prefer more covert acting during overt [or inactive] action are described as attentive. Some associative words for "expressive": active, chatty, conversant, effusive, fluent, profuse, verbose. Some associative words for "attentive": alert, all eyes, all ears, aware, chary, circumspect, heedful, wary, watchful. The expressive versus attentive dichotomy is the most contextual. In other words, overt action and covert reaction is more dictated by the environmental circumstance at the moment.
Each of the eight categories can be subdivided by this distinction, for a total of 16 role variants. These 16 role variants correlate but do not correspond to the 16 Myers–Briggs types.
- The expressive role variants are Promoters (expressive Operators), Performers (expressive Entertainers), Supervisors (expressive Administrators), Providers (expressive Conservators), Teachers (expressive Mentors), Champions (expressive Advocates), Fieldmarshals (expressive Coordinators), and Inventors (expressive Engineers).
- The attentive role variants are Crafters (attentive Operators), Composers (attentive Entertainers), Inspectors (attentive Administrators), Protectors (attentive Conservators), Counselors (attentive Mentors), Healers (attentive Advocates), Masterminds (attentive Coordinators), and Architects (attentive Engineers).
Four interaction roles
In his book Brains and Careers (2008), Keirsey divided the role variants into groupings that he called "four differing roles that people play in face-to-face interaction with one another." [4]
There are two Proactive Enterprising Roles:
- Initiators (expressive and directive): Field Marshal (ENTJ), Supervisor (ESTJ), Promoter (ESTP), Teacher (ENFJ)—Preemptive
- Contenders (attentive and directive): Mastermind (INTJ), Inspector (ISTJ), Crafter (ISTP), Counselor (INFJ)—Competitive
There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles:
- Coworkers (expressive and informative): Inventor (ENTP), Provider (ESFJ), Performer (ESFP), Champion (ENFP)—Collaborative
- Responders (attentive and informative): Architect (INTP), Protector (ISFJ), Composer (ISFP), Healer (INFP)—Accommodative
The roles were implied in the informing/directing factor introduced in Portraits of Temperament.[4] In his 2010 follow-up book, Personology, "Coworkers" is renamed "Collaborators", and "Responders" is renamed "Accomodators"
Temperaments and intelligence types
The following table shows how the four rings relate to one another and to the various temperaments.
| Temperament | Role | Role Variant | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concrete or Abstract ? |
Cooperative or Pragmatic? |
Informative or Directive? |
Expressive or Attentive? |
| Observant (S) |
Guardian (SJ) Logistical |
Conservator (SFJ) Supporting |
Provider (ESFJ): Supplying |
| Protector (ISFJ): Securing | |||
| Administrator (STJ) Regulating |
Supervisor (ESTJ): Enforcing | ||
| Inspector (ISTJ): Certifying | |||
| Artisan (SP) Tactical |
Entertainer (SFP) Improvising |
Performer (ESFP): Demonstrating | |
| Composer (ISFP): Synthesizing | |||
| Operator (STP) Expediting |
Promoter (ESTP): Persuading | ||
| Crafter (ISTP): Instrumenting | |||
| Introspective (N) |
Idealist (NF) Diplomatic |
Advocate (NFP) Mediating |
Champion (ENFP): Motivating |
| Healer (INFP): Conciliating | |||
| Mentor (NFJ) Developing |
Teacher (ENFJ): Educating | ||
| Counselor (INFJ): Guiding | |||
| Rational (NT) Strategic |
Engineer (NTP) Constructing |
Inventor (ENTP): Devising | |
| Architect (INTP): Designing | |||
| Coordinator (NTJ) Arranging |
Fieldmarshal (ENTJ): Mobilizing | ||
| Mastermind (INTJ): Entailing |
Historical development
- See also Historical Development of Theories of the Four Temperaments
Keirsey became familiar with the work of Ernst Kretschmer and William Sheldon after WWII in the late 1940s. Keirsey developed the Temperament Sorter after being introduced to the MBTI in 1956.[1] Tracing the idea of temperament back to the ancient Greeks, Keirsey developed a modern temperament theory in his books Please Understand Me (1978), Portraits of Temperament (1988), Presidential Temperament (1992), Please Understand Me II (1998), Brains and Careers (2008), and Personology (2010). The table below shows how Myers' and Keirsey's types correspond to other temperament theories or constructs, dating from ancient times to the present day.
| Date (c.) | Author | Artisan temperament | Guardian temperament | Idealist temperament | Rational temperament |
| 590 BC | Ezekiel's four living creatures | lion (bold) | ox (sturdy) | man (spiritual) | eagle (far-seeing) |
| 400 BC | Hippocrates' four humours | cheerful (blood) | somber (black bile) | enthusiastic (yellow bile) | calm (phlegm) |
| 340 BC | Plato's four characters | artistic (iconic) | sensible (pistic) | intuitive (noetic) | reasoning (dianoetic) |
| 325 BC | Aristotle's four sources of happiness | sensual (hedone) | material (propraietari) | ethical (ethikos) | logical (dialogike) |
| 185 AD | Irenaeus' four temperaments | spontaneous | historical | spiritual | scholarly |
| 190, 1900, 1966 | Galen's four temperaments, Ivan Pavlov's four temperaments (Alfred Adler's four Styles of Life), Temperament by LaHaye | sanguine (Socially Useful) | melancholic (Avoiding) | choleric (Getting or Leaning) | phlegmatic (Ruling or Dominant) |
| 1550 | Paracelsus' four totem spirits | changeable salamanders | industrious gnomes | inspired nymphs | curious sylphs |
| 1800 | Kant's four temperaments | Melancholic | Phlegmatic | Sanguine | Choleric |
| 1905 | Adickes' four world views | innovative | traditional | doctrinaire | skeptical |
| 1912 | Dreikurs'/Adler's four mistaken goals | retaliation | service | recognition | power |
| 1914, 1978, 1988 | Spranger's four* value attitudes, Keirsey/Bates four temperaments (old), Keirsey's four temperaments | artistic, Dionysian (artful) > Artisan | economic, Epimethean (dutiful) > Guardian | religious, Apollonian (soulful) > Idealist | theoretic, Promethean (technological) > Rational |
| 1920 | Kretschmer's four character styles | (hypo)manic | depressive | oversensitive (hyperesthetic) | insensitive (anesthetic) |
| 1928 | William Marston and John G. Geier DiSC assessment | Influence | Conscientiousness | Dominance | Steadiness |
| 1947 | Fromm's four orientations (Eysenck's four temperaments) | exploitative (Choleric) | hoarding (Phlegmatic) | receptive (Sanguine) | marketing (Melancholic) |
| 1948 | California Psychological Inventory CPI 260 | Innovator | Visualizer | Supporter | Leader |
| 1958 (mapped to I/E and T/F by David Keirsey same year, alternately mapped to S/N or j/p by Socionics 1970s-80s) | Myers' Jungian types | SP (sensing perceiving) (EF, EN, Ep) | SJ (sensing judging) (IT, IS, Ij) | NF (intuitive feeling) (IF, IN, Ip) | NT (intuitive thinking) (ET, ES, Ej) |
| 1960s | Stuart Atkins LIFO's four Orientations To Life | Adapting-Dealing | Conserving-Holding | Supporting-Giving | Controlling-Taking |
| David Merrill, "Social Styles" | Expressive | Analytical | Amiable | Driving | |
| 1996 | Tony Alessandra Personality Styles | Socializer | Thinker | Relater | Director |
| 1998 (Erikson’s behavior types are a 2014 revision) | Hartman Personality Profile | Red | Yellow | Blue | White > Green |
| 2001 | Linda V. Berens' four Interaction Styles | Get Things Going | Chart the Course | In Charge | Behind the Scenes |
| 2004 | Gordon-Bull Nexus Model[5] | Gamma | Beta | Delta | Alpha |
| Keirsey, David (May 1, 1998) [1978]. Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence (1st ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. ISBN 1-885705-02-6. | |||||
| Montgomery, Stephen (2002). People Patterns: A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments (1st ed.). Archer Publications. p. 20. ISBN 1-885705-03-4. | |||||
| *Spranger was said to have six value attitudes, but Keirsey cites him as saying that the remaining two, "social" and "political", "pertained to all [men], and hence, were not distinguishing".[6] In fact, "political" was a category containing both theoretic and artistic, and "social" contained economical and religious.[7] | |||||
Myers–Briggs types versus Keirsey's temperaments
The type descriptions of Isabel Myers differ from the character descriptions of David Keirsey in several important ways:
- Myers primarily focused on how people think and feel; Keirsey focused more on behavior, which is directly observable.
- Myers's descriptions use a linear four-factor model; Keirsey's descriptions use a systems field theory model.[8]
- Myers, following Jung's lead, emphasized the extraversion/introversion (expressive/attentive) dichotomy; Keirsey's model places greater importance on the sensing/intuition (concrete/abstract) dichotomy.
- Myers grouped types by ‘function attitudes’; Keirsey, by temperament.
Myers grouped types according to cognitive function: the ‘thinking type’ grouping for those with dominant thinking; the ‘intuitive type’ grouping for those with dominant intuition; the ‘feeling type’ grouping for those with dominant feeling; and the ‘sensing type’ grouping for those with dominant sensing. Keirsey's temperaments correlate with Myers' combinations of preferences: Guardians with sensing plus judging (SJ); Artisans with sensing plus perceiving (SP); Idealists with intuition plus feeling (NF); and Rationals with intuition plus thinking (NT).
Myers paired ESTJs with ENTJs, ISFPs with INFPs, INTPs with ISTPs, and ENFJs with ESFJs because they share the same dominant function attitude. ESTJs and ENTJs are both extraverted thinkers, ISFPs and INFPs are both introverted feelers, INTPs and ISTPs are both introverted thinkers, and ENFJs and ESFJs are both extraverted feelers. Keirsey holds that these same groupings are very different from one another because they are of different temperaments. ESTJs are Guardians whereas ENTJs are Rationals; ISFPs are Artisans whereas INFPs are Idealists; INTPs are Rationals whereas ISTPs are Artisans; and ENFJs are Idealists whereas ESFJs are Guardians.[9]
Empirical validation
In a 2001 peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Career Assessment, data from the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II online instrument and Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for 203 college freshmen were analyzed and compared. Positive correlations appeared between the concurrent MBTI and Keirsey measures of psychological type. The study indicates that there is "little information available to support the validity of the KTS-II." [10]
See also
References
- Keirsey, David (May 1, 1998) [1978]. Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence (1st ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. ISBN 1-885705-02-6.
- Montgomery, Stephen (2002). People Patterns: A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments (1st ed.). Archer Publications. p. 20. ISBN 1-885705-03-4.
- Keirsey Temperament versus Myers–Briggs Types
- Brains and Careers
- "Gordon, D., Bull, G., The Nexus Explored: A Generalised Model of Learning Styles, SITE 2004, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, March 2004". Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- Please Understand Me, p.30
- Please Understand Me II, p.340, citing Haley, Jay Strategies in Psychotherapy p. 8-19
- "Keirsey Temperament vs. Myer-Briggs Types at Keirsey.com". Retrieved 2008-06-18.
- "The Four Dimensions of Myers". Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- "Concurrent Validity of the Online Version of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II". Retrieved 2020-02-21.