Katherine Bitting

Katherine Golden Bitting (April 29, 1869 - October 15, 1937) was a food chemist for the United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Canners Association. She was a prolific author on the topic of food preservation. To facilitate her investigations, as the Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress (1940) states, she collected "materials on the sources, preparation, and consumption of foods, their chemistry, baterriology, preservations, etc., from earliest times to the present day." She and her husband, Arvril Bitting, donated a significant collection of materials related to cookery to the Library of Congress. The Bitting Collection containing numerous English and American publications on food preparation from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and a sampling of notable French, German, and Italian works. Many modern food safety practices and techniques result directly from research conducted by the couple.

Katherine Golden Bitting
Born(1869-04-29)April 29, 1869
Stratford, Ontario, Canada
DiedOctober 15, 1937(1937-10-15) (aged 68)
San Francisco, California, United States
Alma materPurdue University
Known forFood preservation
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsUnited States Department of Agriculture

Personal life

Katherine Bitting was born April 29, 1869, in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. Her family immigrated to Massachusetts in the United States when she was young. She married Arvill Wayne Bitting, a professor of veterinary science, cookery expert and author of several cookbooks. Katherine and Arvill Wayne Bitting formed a close partnership, working at the same institutions and collaborating on several publications.

Education and early career

Bitting graduated from the Salem Normal School, now Salem State University, in 1886. From Purdue University, she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1890, a Masters of Science in 1892, and a Doctor of Science in 1895. Bitting was an assistant botanist with the Purdue Agricultural Extension Station while completing her masters thesis. In 1893 she started working as an instructor at Purdue, teaching biology, structural botany, and bacteriology.[1]

Career

In September 1907 Bitting was appointed as a microanalyst in the chemistry division of the US Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry, where she worked with Avril Bitting and gained expertise on food preservation and related topics, authoring nearly fifty pamphlets in that subject area. During her time at the Bureau of Chemistry, Katherine worked as a microbotanist. Her first job involved working with her husband to develop a method of producing ketchup without adding preservatives. To answer this question, the Bittings turned their Lafayette home into a ketchup factory, producing hundreds of bottles of the condiment. They collected ketchup samples from dozens of factories for analysis. Observing the samples and performing spoilage experiments, they determined that the addition of sugar and vinegar will prevent spoiling. Arvill Bitting published their findings under the title Experiments on the Spoilage of Tomato Ketchup in 1909. In 1915 two additional monographs were published. Ketchup Methods of Manufacturer and Microscopic.[2] In the 1920s, the Bittings began working for the National Canners Association as microanalists. They published Appertizing or, The Art of Canning in 1937.[2] The apparent mis-spelling is a reference to Nicolas Appert, the French inventor of airtight food preservation.

Employment Timeline
  • 1890-1893: Assistant Botanist, Indiana Experiment Station.
  • 1893-1901: Biology instructor, Purdue University.
  • 1901-1904: Assistant professor of biology, Purdue University.
  • 1907-1913: Microanalyst, Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture.
  • 1913-1918: Technician, National Canners Association research laboratory in Washington D.C.[2]
  • 1919-1923: Bacteriologist, Glass Container Association.
Cover of L'art de la Cuisine from the Katherine Golden Bitting Collection held at the Library of Congress

Gastronomy collection

Their 4,346 volume collection of gastronomic literature from the fifteenth through twentieth centuries now resides at the Library of Congress's Rare Books and Special Collections Division. She amassed a large collection of materials in order: "To facilitate her investigations, as the Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress (1940) states, she collected "materials on the sources, preparation, and consumption of foods, their chemistry, bacteriology, preservations, etc., from earliest times to the present day."[2] Curator Leonard N. Beck gave it a professional evaluation, pairing her collection with that of food writer Elizabeth Robins Pennell.[3] The title, Two Loaf-Givers, refers to the Old English etymology of "lady"; a digital version is available.[4]

In 1895, the Indiana Academy of Science appointed her as a fellow member [5]

Bibliography
  • Bitting, K. G., & Purdue University. (1896). Yeasts and Their Properties. Lafayette: Purdue University, Dept. of Biology.
  • Bitting, K. G. (1896). On bread and Bread-Making. La Fayettte, Ind: Purdue University.
  • Bitting, K. G. (1897). Pure Yeast in Bread.
  • Bitting, K. G., & National Canners Association. (1917). Deterioration in asparagus. Washington, D.C: Research Laboratory, National Canners Association.
  • Bitting, K. G., & National Canners Association. (1917). Lye peeling. Washington, D.C: Research Laboratory, National Canners Association.
  • Bitting, K. G. (1920). The effect of certain agents on the development of some moulds. Washington, D.C.: National capital Press.
  • Bitting, K. G. (1920). The olive. Chicago, Ill: Glass Container Association of America.
  • Bitting, K. G. (1924). Un Bienfaiteur De lIhumanité: [a tribute to M. Nicolas Appert]. United States: s.n..
  • Bitting, K. G. (1939). Gastronomic bibliographic. San Francisco, California.
gollark: Maybe make it `rand % 16` or something so it'll only have an effect rarely, for extra confusion.
gollark: And yet its type system is a thin layer on top of the JS one.
gollark: ... is this using JS's type system?
gollark: Why did you use some lambda-based thing instead of booleans?
gollark: Apparently I have 547 Discord pings.

References
  1. Smith, Andrew F. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. Oxford University Press USA. p. 170. ISBN 9780199734962.
  2. "Katherine Golden Bitting Collection". Library of Congress. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  3. Two Loaf-Givers: Or a Tour through the Gastronomic Libraries of Katherine Golden Bitting and Elizabeth Robins Pennell. by Leonard N. Beck ISBN 0-8444-0404-7 (0-8444-0404-7)
  4. "From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division". loc.gov.
  5. Rettger, L.J., ed. (5 May 1911). Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science - 2010. Indianapolis, IN. p. 16.
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