Kamano language

Kamano
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Region	Eastern Highlands Province
Native speakers	63,000 (2000 census)[1]
Language family	Trans–New Guinea Kainantu–Goroka Goroka Kamano–Yagaria Kamano; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kbq
Glottolog	kama1370[2]

Kamano (Kamano-Kafe) is a Papuan language spoken in Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.

Nomenclature

The terms 'Kamano' and 'Kamano-Kafe' are both used to refer to the language primarily spoken in Henganofi District, although within the linguistics literature Kamano refers to some varieties within the Kamano-Yagaria group, a dialect chain of Eastern Highlands Province[3]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t	k	ʔ
	prenasal	ᵐp	ⁿt	ᵑk
	voiced			ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		h
Fricative	voiced	β	z
Nasal		m	n
Tap			ɾ

Consonant sounds /p t k m n z/ can have preglottalized sounds [ˀp ˀt ˀk ˀm ˀn ˀz] occurring word-medially.
The phoneme /f/ can be in free fluctuation with a voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ].

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

/e/ can occur as [ɛ] word-initially or word-medially.
/a/ can occur word initially as [ʌ].[4]

Clause chaining

Kamano Kafe exhibits a unique form of the clause chaining system often described in Papuan languages. Clause chaining in Papuan languages typically involves one or more medial verbs with limited morphological possibilities being under the scope of a more fully inflected final verb. The medial verbs in these clause chains typically use a switch reference system and various degrees of agreement with final verbs. The Kamano system, unlike other clause chaining systems in New Guinea, has requisite person and number agreement with the subjects of higher clauses [5]. A typical example is given below.

Nägra

I

tr-o-ge-nka,

leave-1P.SG-SR-B.2P.SG

kägra

you

tr-an-ke-no',

leave-2P.SG-SR-B.3P.SG

ägra

he

tre-'n-i-e

leave-PERF-3P.SG-IND

"I left, then you left, then he left."

gollark: Well, it's uncool if they don't.

gollark: Oh, like defining macros (implementation defined)?

gollark: Yes. Macron is to include it.

gollark: 851 kilogood.

gollark: Am I just supposed to MANUALLY check the Maclaurin serieseseses of all the functions I use for this sort of thing?

References

Kamano at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kamano". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Ford, Kevin (1993). "A Preliminary Comparison of Kamano-Yagaria". Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 24. 191-202.
Drew, D. E. (1963). The phonemes of Kamano.
Elliott, John (2017). "Understanding preview-subject clause chains in Kamano Kafe". University of Hawai'i at Manoa Working Papers.

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[e18-1] Kamano at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kamano". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] Ford, Kevin (1993). "A Preliminary Comparison of Kamano-Yagaria". Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 24. 191-202.

[4] Drew, D. E. (1963). The phonemes of Kamano.

[5] Elliott, John (2017). "Understanding preview-subject clause chains in Kamano Kafe". University of Hawai'i at Manoa Working Papers.