Novator KS-172

The Novator KS-172 is a Russian air-to-air missile designed as an "AWACS killer"[4] at ranges up to 400 km. The missile has had various names during its history, including K-100, Izdeliye 172 ('project 172'), AAM-L (RVV-L), KS–172, KS-1, 172S-1 and R-172. The airframe appears to have been derived from the 9K37 Buk surface-to-air missile (SAM) but development stalled in the mid-1990s for lack of funds.[4] It appears to have restarted in 2004 after a deal with India, who wants to produce the missile in India for their Su-30MKI fighters. It is the heaviest air-to-air missile ever produced.

KS-172
Mockup of KS–172 in front of Su-30 in 1994
Type	Long range air-to-air missile
Place of origin	Russia and India
Production history
Manufacturer	NPO Novator Defence Research and Development Organisation
Specifications
Mass	748 kg (1,650 lb) (KS–172)[1]
Length	6.01 m (19.7 ft) + 1.4 m (4.6 ft) (KS–172)[1]
Diameter	40 cm (16 in) (KS–172)[1]
Warhead	HE fragmentation (KS–172)[1]
Warhead weight	50 kg (110 lb)
Engine	Solid-propellant tandem rocket booster (KS–172)[1]
Wingspan	61 cm (24 in) (KS–172)[1]
Operational range	At least 200 km,[2] possibly 300–400 km (160–210 nmi)
Flight altitude	3 m (9.8 ft)–30,000 m (98,000 ft) (KS–172)[1]
Maximum speed	4,000 km/h (2,500 mph; 1.1 km/s; Mach 3.3) (KS–172)[1]
Guidance system	inertial navigation with midcourse guidance and terminal active radar homing (KS–172)[1]
Launch platform	Su-27, Su-30, Su-35,[3] Su-30MKI[1] Su-57 (expected)

Development

Modern airforces have become dependent on airborne radars typically carried by converted airliners and transport aircraft such as the E-3 Sentry and A-50 'Mainstay'. They also depend on similar aircraft for inflight refuelling (e.g. Vickers VC10), maritime patrol (e.g. CP-140 Aurora), reconnaissance and electronic warfare (e.g. Tu-16 'Badger' E & J) and C4ISTAR (e.g. VC-25 "Air Force One"). The loss of just one of these aircraft can have a significant effect on fighting capability, and they are usually heavily defended by fighter escorts. A long-range air-to-air missile offers the prospect of bringing down the target without having to fight a way through the fighter screen. Given the potential importance of "blinding" Western AWACS, Russia has devoted considerable resources to this area. The R-37 (missile) (AA-13 'Arrow') is an evolution of their R-33 (AA-9 'Amos') with a range of up to 400 km (220 nmi), and there have been persistent rumours – if little hard evidence – of an air-to-air missile with a range of 200 km (110 nmi) based on Zvezda's Kh-31 anti-radar/anti-shipping missile or its Chinese derivative, the YJ-91.

NPO Novator started work in 1991 on a very long-range air-to-air missile with the Russian project designation Izdeliye 172.[5] Initially called the AAM-L (RVV-L), it made its first public appearance at the International Defence Exhibition in Abu Dhabi in early 1993,[6] followed by the Moscow Air Show later that year.[5] It was described as having a range of 400 km (220 nmi); the mockup on display had a strong resemblance to the 9K37M1 Buk-M (SA-11 'Gadfly'). Apparently some flight-testing was done on a Su-27, but it appears that the Russians withdrew funding for the project soon afterwards.

The missile resurfaced as the KS–172 in 1999,[6] as part of a new export-led strategy[7] whereby foreign investment in a 300 km (160 nmi)-range export model[6] would ultimately fund a version for the Russian airforce.[7] Again it appears that there were no takers.

In late 2003, the missile was offered again on the export market as the 172S-1.[5] In March 2004, India was reported to have invested in the project and to be "negotiating a partnership" to develop the "R-172".[8] In May 2005 the Indians were said to have finalised "an arrangement to fund final development and licence produce the weapon" in a joint venture similar to that which produced the successful BrahMos cruise missile.[9] Since then the missile has had a higher profile, appearing at the 2005 Moscow Air Show[5] on a Su-30 as the K-172,[4] and a modified version being shown at the 2007 Moscow Air Show designated as the K-100-1. This name first appeared in a Sukhoi document in 2006,[5] and sources such as Jane's now refer to the missile as the K-100.[5]

Design

9B-1103M Seeker head

The mockup shown in 1993 had a strong resemblance to the Buk airframe, but since the Indians became involved there have been some changes. An Indian magazine gave the specifications of the KS–172 in April 2004 as a core 6.01 m long and 40 cm in diameter with a wingspan of 61 cm, with a booster of 1.4 m, and 748 kg total weight.[1] It had a solid fuel tandem rocket booster capable of speeds up to 4,000 km/h (2,500 mph), 12g manoevring, and an adaptive HE fragmentation warhead.[1] Development would concentrate on the seeker head, autopilot, resistance to jamming and a steering system with 3D thrust vector control (TVC).[1]

In May 2005 it was reported that there were two versions, with and without a rocket booster, with ranges of 400 km and 300 km respectively.[9] At the MAKS (air show) in August 2005, a range of 300 km was quoted for a streamlined missile with a small booster and fins on both booster and fuselage.[4] However the model shown at the 2007 MAKS airshow under the name K-100 was closer to the original 1993 mockup in the photo above, with different-shaped fins that were further up the fuselage, and an even larger booster with TVC vents.[10] At the same show it was shown under the wing of a Su-35BM, implying that at least two could be carried by Flanker-class aircraft rather than just one on the centreline.

Guidance is by inertial navigation until the missile is close enough to the target to use active radar for terminal homing.[1] The K-100 has an enlarged (350 mm (14 in)) derivative of the Agat 9B-1103M seeker used in the R-27 (air-to-air missile) (AA-10 'Alamo').[2] It has a lock-on range of 40 km (22 nmi), described by an Agat designer as "one fifth or less of the overall range".[2]

Variant

• KS-172

Prototype in 1993.

• KS-172S-1

Prototype in 2003.

Similar weapons

• R-37 (missile) (AA-X-13/AA-13 'Arrow') was developed from the R-33 (missile) (AA-9 'Amos') and is intended for the Sukhoi Su-35 Flanker-E, Sukhoi Su-37 Flanker-F, MiG 1.42 MFI and other future fighters.[9] According to Defence Today the range depends on the flight profile, from 80 nautical miles (150 km) for a direct shot[9] to 215 nautical miles (398 km) for a cruise glide profile.[9] Jane's reports two variants, the R-37 and the R-37M; the latter has a jettisonable rocket booster that increases the range to "300-400km" (160–220nmi).[3] Work on the missile appears to have restarted in late 2006,[3] as part of the MiG-31BM programme[3] to update the Foxhound with a new radar and ground attack capability.
• Kh-31 (AS-17 'Krypton') – the Chinese have licensed the anti-radar version (Kh-31P) of this Russian air-to-surface missile, and may be working on an "AWACS killer" variant of their YJ-91 derivative.[9] The Russians claim the anti-shipping version, the Kh-31A, can be adapted for use as an AWACS killer.[9]
• AIM-54 Phoenix – Now retired, a 100 nautical miles (190 km)-range missile that was carried by the US Navy's F-14 Tomcat.
• AIM-97 Seekbat - based on the Standard Missile SAM, the Seekbat was an extremely long-ranged missile designed to shoot down the MiG-25 Foxbat, which at the time had almost mythical performance estimates. When the real-world performance of the Foxbat was found to be dramatically less impressive, development was cancelled.

Users

•  Russian Federation
•  India

See also

• AIM-152 AAAM
• FMRAAM
• Meteor (missile)
• R-37 (missile)
• PL-21

References

1. "India Starts Defence Exports : Joint Ventures Now yielding rich Dividends", FORCE magazine, Arun Vihar, India, vol. 1 no. 6, p. 55, April 2004
2. Johnson, Reuben F (11 July 2007), "Russia develops K-100-1 for Su-35", Jane's Defence Weekly
3. "R-37, R-37M (AA-X-13) (Russian Federation), Air-to-air missiles – Beyond visual range", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, Jane’s Information Group, 12 January 2009, archived from the original on 14 September 2008
4. Fisher, Richard (12 September 2005), Chinese Dimensions of the 2005 Moscow Aerospace Show, International Assessment and Strategy Center, archived from the original on 19 June 2015, retrieved 29 January 2009
5. "K-100 (Izdeliye 172, KS–172, AAM-L)", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 12 January 2009, archived from the original on 13 September 2008
6. Saradzhyan, Simon; Barrie, Douglas (16 August 1999), "Russia Offers Extended Range Missile For Export", Defense News: 8
7. Battilega; et al. (2000), Transformations in Global Defense Markets and Industries: Implications for the Future of Warfare – Russia (PDF), National Intelligence Council, p. 12, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2009, retrieved 29 January 2009
8. PTI (2 March 2004), "India, Russia in talks for a new missile", Times of India, India, retrieved 29 January 2009
9. "Missiles in the Asia Pacific" (PDF), Defence Today, Amberley, Queensland: Strike Publications: 67, May 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2009
10. See photos in "External links" section

External links

• sukhoi.ru – unofficial site with photos from MAKS air show; photos 10,12 and 13 show the K-100 on the ground of which maks2007d1013.jpg is perhaps the best.