Jungfrau Railway

The Jungfrau Railway (German: Jungfraubahn, JB) is a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge rack railway which runs 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from Kleine Scheidegg to the highest railway station in Europe at Jungfraujoch (3,454 m (11,332 ft)), between the Bernese Highlands and the Valais in Switzerland. The railway runs almost entirely within the Jungfrau Tunnel, built into the Eiger and Mönch mountains and containing two stations in the middle of the tunnel, where passengers can disembark to observe the neighbouring mountains through windows built into the mountainside.[1] The initial open-air section culminates at Eigergletscher (2,320 m), which makes it the second highest open-air railway in Switzerland.[2] The line is electrified at 3-phase 1,125 volts 50 Hertz, and is one of four lines in the world using three-phase electric power.[3]

Jungfrau Railway
Overview
Native nameJungfraubahn JB
TypeMountain rack railway
Statusoperating daily
LocaleBernese Highlands, Switzerland
TerminiKleine Scheidegg
Jungfraujoch railway station
Stations5
Services1
Daily ridershipmax. 1 Million p.a.
WebsiteJB
Operation
Opened1912
OwnerJungfraubahn AG
Operator(s)JB
CharacterTouristic, mainly underground rack railway
Depot(s)Kleine Scheidegg railway station
Technical
Line length9.34 km (5.80 mi)
Track gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge
Minimum radius100 m (328.08 ft)
Electrification3-phase, 1,125 V, 50 Hz, overhead wire
Highest elevation3,454 m (11,332 ft)
Maximum incline25%
Rack systemStrub
Route diagram
elev.
in M
Wengernalpbahn
to Wengen & Lauterbrunnen
2,061
 Kleine Scheidegg
Wengernalpbahn
to Grindelwald
workshops
2,320
 Eigergletscher
2,864
 Eigerwand
3,159
 Eismeer
3,454
 Jungfraujoch

The Jungfraubahn got its name from the highest of the three majestic peaks above it: Jungfrau (English: maiden, virgin; 4,089 metres (13,415 ft))

At Kleine Scheidegg the JB connects with the Wengernalpbahn (WAB), which has two routes down the mountain, running respectively to the villages of Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald. From both villages, branches of the Berner Oberland-Bahn (BOB) connect to the Swiss Federal Railways at Interlaken.[4]

The line is owned by the Jungfraubahn AG, a subsidiary of the Jungfraubahn Holding AG, a holding company that also owns the Wengernalpbahn, Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren, Harderbahn, and Firstbahn. Through that holding company it is part of the Allianz - Jungfrau Top of Europe marketing alliance, which also includes the separately owned Berner Oberland-Bahn and Schynige Platte-Bahn.[5]

History
Construction of the Jungfraubahn
Map of the Jungfraubahn project in 1903
  • 1896 construction began. The construction work proceeded briskly.
  • 1898 the Jungfraubahn opened as far as the Eigergletscher railway station, at the foot of the Eiger.
  • 1899 Six workers are killed in an explosion. There is a four-month strike by workers. Adolf Guyer-Zeller dies in Zürich on 3 April. The section from Eigergletscher station to Rotstock station opens on 2 August
  • 1903 The section from Rotstock station to Eigerwand station opens on 28 June.
  • 1905 The section from Eigerwand station to Eismeer station opens on 25 July
  • 1908 There is an explosion at Eigerwand station.
  • 1912 21 February, sixteen years after work commenced, the tunneling crew finally breaks through the glacier in Jungfraujoch. Jungfraujoch station was inaugurated on 1 August.
  • 1924 "The house above the clouds" at Jungfraujoch is opened on 14 September.
  • 1931 The research station at the Jungfraujoch is opened.
  • 1937 The Sphinx Observatory is opened. A snowblower is purchased and this results in year-round operation.
  • 1942 Relocation of the company offices from Zürich to Interlaken.
  • 1950 The dome is installed on the Sphinx Observatory.
  • 1951 The adhesion section between Eismeer station and Jungfraujoch station is converted to rack operation.
  • 1955 A second depot at Kleine Scheidegg is constructed. The post office inaugurates its relay station on the Jungfraujoch.
  • 1972 The panoramic windows are installed at Eigerwand and Eismeer. The Jungfraujoch mountain house and tourist house are destroyed by fire on 21 October.
  • 1975 A new tourist house is opened.
  • 1987 A new mountain house is opened on 1 August.
  • 1991 A new station hall is opened at the Jungfraujoch.
  • 1993 The small Kleine Scheidegg depot is extended.
  • 1996 The covered observation deck at the Sphinx Observatory is opened.
  • 1997 For the first time the annual visitor numbers exceed 500,000.
  • 2000 On 1 June a daily record number of 8,148 visitors is achieved.

Stations

Source: [6]

Openings
  • Rotstock Station (closed in 1903) 2,520 m (8,268 ft)
  • Stollenloch [7][8]

2008 proposals

In early 2008, Jungfraubahn Holding AG announced it is exploring the futuristic idea of an efficient fast form of access to the Jungfraujoch as an addition to the rack railway. A feasibility study has been commissioned. The additional access would be the world's longest tunnel-lift system. The study is to show if and how such a tunnel-lift system - for example as a fast lift or funicular - from the Lauterbrunnen Valley to the Jungfraujoch could be realised without disturbing the unique landscape of the UNESCO World Heritage site.

The attractiveness of the cogwheel railway should thus be enhanced, as guests could use the fast lift for the uphill or downhill journey. Through a marked reduction in travelling time, the trip to the Jungfraujoch could also become a half-day excursion.

These plans have later been abandoned and the company is currently (2017) planning to build an aerial cableway between Grindelwald Grund and Eigergletscher.[9]

Rolling stock

Since most of the railway is inside a tunnel, it was designed to run with electricity from conception. The latest rolling stock consists of twin-unit motorcoaches carrying up to 230 people per train which operate at 12.5 km/h on the steepest parts of the ascent. The motors function at two speeds which allows the units to operate at double this speed on the less steep part of the ascent (above Eismeer station).

The motors will operate in a regenerative mode which allows the trains to generate electricity during the descent, which is fed back into the power distribution system. Approximately 50% of the energy required for an ascent is recovered during the descent. It is this generation that regulates the descent speed.

Motive power delivered since 1992 (numbers 211...224) no longer has directly fed three phase motors but is equipped similarly to a normal single phase locomotive. This rolling stock can travel at variable speed which allowed to cut journey time from 52 to 35 min with the timetable starting 11 December 2016.[10] Pre-1992 rolling stock can no longer be used in regular traffic and most of the earlier trains have been scrapped.

Snow clearing equipment is essential on the open section of line between Kleine Scheidegg railway station and Eigergletscher railway station. Originally snow ploughs were used but more recently snow blowing equipment has been brought into service.

The railway also operates some dedicated freight vehicles to supply the visitor facilities at Jungfraujoch, including a tank to transport additional water.

Main characteristics
Altitude of top station above Sea Level 3454 m
Difference in height 1393 m
Operational length 9.3 km
Gauge 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)
Rack rail type Strub
Operational Speed 12.5 km/h (25 km/h on shallower gradients such as above Eismeer)
Steepest gradient 25%
Smallest curve radius 100 m
Tunnels3: longest 7122 m, shortest 110 m. 80% of length of the entire railway.
Power system3-phase 50 Hz 1125Volt
  • Train between Kleine Scheidegg and Eigergletscher
  • The Schreckhorn dominates the view from the window at the Eismeer station. One of two stations in the tunnel on the way to the Jungfraujoch
  • A snowblower at Kleine Scheidegg railway station
  • The Jungfraubahn runs using a 1125 Volt, 3-phase alternating current system which requires the trains to collect power from twin overhead wires, using two pantographs, as seen here (the third phase is earthed to the track).
  • The strub rack system underneath a railcar (Rowan locomotive He 2/2 no. 6)
  • A cogwheel from a Jungfrau Railway railcar strub rack system
  • The Jungfraujoch railway station at 3,454 m above sea level, on the Bern/Valais border
  • Jungfrau photochrom print, with view of the Eigergletscher station
gollark: I am not against education generally.
gollark: * bad
gollark: Also overreliance on rote memorization abd.
gollark: My main issue with it is that it forces people to study unnecessary things they do not actually like much in inefficient ways, goes around grouping people by age when this is wrong and bad, and encourages conformity and whatnot.
gollark: ALthough that is *a* problem.

See also

References
  1. Note that since 2016 trains no longer make a viewing stop at the Eigerwand station, only at the Eismeer station. The change along with new rolling stock allowed the journey time to be reduced by 17 minutes.
  2. After the Gornergrat railway (3,090 m)
  3. "The Jungfrau Railway - A Pioneering Work". Interlaken, Switzerland: Jungfraubahnen Management AG. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
  4. Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH. 2012. p. 82. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.
  5. "Companies". Interlaken, Switzerland: Jungfraubahnen Management AG. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
  6. Between Heaven and Earth. History and technology - science and research on the Jungfraujoch - Top of Europe, Jungfraubahnen.
  7. "The Eiger the Hard Way: Britain's Boldest Take on the North Face". Rock and Ice. 8 January 2014.
  8. Daniel Anker and Rainer Rettner. "Chronology of the Eiger from 1252 to 2013". Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  9. Project description on the site of the company, retrieved on 22 Feb 2017
  10. Official Swiss timetable publication
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