Julia Brainerd Hall

Julia Brainerd Hall (November 11, 1859 – September 4, 1926)[1][2] was the sister of American scientist Charles Martin Hall. She supported him in his discovery of the Hall process for extracting aluminium from its ore.[3] She was also a still-life painter, who exhibited at the Edgar Adams Gallery in Cleveland.[4]

Julia Brainerd Hall
Julia Brainerd Hall, 1881, Oberlin College Senior Year Portrait
BornNovember 11, 1859
Jamaica
DiedSeptember 4, 1926 (aged 66)
Rochester, New York, USA
NationalityUnited States
Alma materOberlin College

Early life and education

Julia was born on November 11, 1859, to Reverend Heman Bassett Hall (1823-1911) and his wife Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827-1885), missionaries in Jamaica.[4] In 1860, the family returned to the United States. Julia's younger brother, Charles Martin Hall, was born in 1863 in Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio.[5] In 1873, the family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, where Heman Hall and Sophronia Brooks had attended Oberlin College.[6][7]

Julia was one of eight children. With the exception of a brother (Lewis Albert) who died young,[8] all obtained degrees from Oberlin College.[9][10][11] Her eldest brother, George Edward Hall (February 23, 1851, Jamaica - August 29, 1921, Pasadena, CA) became a minister.[12] Her older sister Ellen Julia Hall-Kinsey (Mrs. George M. Kinsey, 1852 - May 17, 1882) studied medicine at the University of Wooster (she was a senior in the class of 1881)[13] and in Vienna, Austria.[11] Her sister Emily Brooks Hall and Emily's husband Martin Luther Stimson (1857 - 1943) became missionaries in China.[14]

Julia Brainerd Hall is listed as a student in the Conservatory of Music at Oberlin College in the 1876–77 and 1877-78 catalogues.[15][16] She is listed as a second year student in the "Literary" course at Oberlin as of 1878,[17] and graduated in the Literary course in 1881.[9]:277–278 The "Literary" course had replaced the "Ladies" course as of July 30, 1875.[18]:48 Such educational tracking was usual for women attending Oberlin at the time.[19] One of the classes she took was chemistry, which was taught by William Kedzie in 1879-1880 for only one term prior to his unexpected death, rather than the usual two terms.[20]:6

Some time before her invalid mother's death in 1885, Julia took over running the household and raising her two younger sisters, Edith May Hall (later Mrs. George H. Seymour, 1865-1937) and Louie Alice Hall (1870 - 1944).[21][9]

Aluminum

Julia's brother Charles also attended Oberlin, matriculating in 1880 and graduating in 1885.[22][23]:288 Upon entering college, he approached the new professor of chemistry, Frank Fanning Jewett, to purchase some laboratory equipment.[20]:10–11 Charles Hall attended Jewett's chemistry course during his junior year, 1883-1884,[24] and conducted research in Jewett's laboratory.[20]:10–11 Long before he graduated, Charles had set up a laboratory in a woodshed attached to the family home at 64 East College Street in Oberlin, Ohio.[20]:10–11[1]

There he researched the production of aluminum by electrolysis, ultimately obtaining a family of patents on April 2, 1889.[25] Charles was successful in a breakthrough experiment of dissolving alumina in molten cryolite at 1000 °C on February 9, 1886, demonstrating the process for his sisters and his father the next day after Julia returned from a visit to Cleveland.[22][26][25] After further experiments and the addition of aluminum fluoride, Hall was successful in preparing aluminum metal by electrolysis. On February 23, 1886, breaking open a clay crucible lined with graphite,[27] he found silvery aluminum pellets inside. Charles Hall took the metal to Frank Jewett for confirmation of the discovery.[26]

Whether Charles Martin Hall or French chemist Paul Héroult should be awarded U.S. patent rights was the subject of an important Interference proceeding, decided on October 24, 1887.[28][29] While Héroult had filed his U.S. patent application a few months earlier than Hall, the patent examiner concluded that Hall had discovered the process before Héroult applied for the patent in April 1886. The witnesses for Hall were Charles Hall, Heman Hall, Frank Jewett, another professor, and Julia. Julia testified before the patent examiner that her brother had demonstrated the process successfully in front of her. She had also prepared an account of the History of C. M. Hall's aluminum invention[30] "relying on my memory alone",[22] which was not included in the official U S. record of the patent interference proceedings.[29] Two postmarked letters from Charles Hall to his brother George that described the invention in detail were included as important evidence establishing the timing of Hall's discovery.[28]

The extent to which Julia Brainerd Hall was involved day-to-day in her brother's research and the discovery of the Hall process has been disputed. Her obituary in the Oberlin News, September 30, 1926, stated that "She was a sister of Charles M. Hall and the one who gave him help and encouragement in his work on aluminum."[3] Early accounts by Alcoa company employees, Charles Carr's An American Enterprise (1952) and Junius Edwards' The Immortal Woodshed (1955) portray her as involved in Hall's home laboratory. However, they have been described as "celebratory" and lacking objectivity,[31] and criticized for lacking footnotes and bibliographic information.[32] Martha Trescott draws on these accounts when she makes a case for Julia's close involvement in Charles' laboratory. She argues that the written account that Julia Hall prepared for the patent examiner, and her annotations of Charles Hall's papers, are evidence of her close involvement in the scientific work.[33][34] Subsequent authors have relied on her accounts.[35]

More recently, Norman Craig has examined the Oberlin archive's papers and draws different conclusions. He notes that Julia Hall's annotations of the family letters involve replacement of names with initials, and removal of information about the family's financial circumstances, rather than the removal of technical information. Based on the handwriting and references to Charles, he concludes that the annotations were likely made after Charles' death in December 1914. They suggest a review of the papers with a view to publication of a biography. Craig also notes that Charles wrote to various family members about his work, not just Julia, and that he demonstrated his results to his father and younger sisters as well as to Julia. Craig presents the image of a supportive, close-knit, intelligent family, interested in each other's work, rather than a brother-sister research and development team.[22]

Development of the Hall process and its scaling up for industrial use continued over several years, but eventually the Hall process brought the cost of aluminum down from $12.00 per pound to $.30 per pound.[36]

Later life

In 1901, Charles Hall had a house built for his sisters, Julia, Louie and Edith, at 280 Elm St. in Oberlin, known as the "Hall Sisters House".[37] The original family home on East College Street is now "Hall House", property of Oberlin College.[38] Charles died in 1914.[5]

Julia Brainerd Hall moved to Rochester, New York as of 1917.[4] She died on Saturday, September 4, 1926, at the home that she shared with her sister, Louie Alice Hall, at 1422 Highland Avenue, Rochester, New York. She was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester, New York.[2]

gollark: Maybe I should use F#.
gollark: Go decear, ubq.
gollark: I'm sure something something hydraulics.
gollark: Work out how to automate the bow.
gollark: Thus, trade it in for less?

References
  1. "Julia Brainerd Hall". Find A Grave. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  2. "Julia Brainerd Hall". Oberlin Alumni Magazine. 24. December 1926. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  3. "Miss Hall Dies". Oberlin News. September 30, 1926.
  4. Haverstock, Mary Sayre (2000). Artists in Ohio, 1787 - 1900 : a biographical dictionary. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0873386166. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  5. Beck, Theodore R. "Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis" (PDF). ECS Classics. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  6. Ohio, Congregational Conference of (1911). Minutes of the Congregational Conference of Ohio for the year 1911. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  7. "Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827-1885)". Smithsonian Archives. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 26 April 2016. Sophronia Brooks Hall (1827-1885), an 1850 graduate of Oberlin College
  8. "Lewis A. [Albert] Hall". Oberlin Westwood Cemetery Transcription Project. Oberlin Heritage Center. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  9. Oberlin College (1916). Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  10. "RG 30/182 - Charles Martin Hall (1863-1914)". Oberlin College Archives. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  11. General Catalogue of Oberlin College, 1833-1908. OH: Oberlin College. 1909. pp. 407–409. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  12. Yale University (1921). Obituary Record of Graduates Deceased During the Year ending July 1, 1921. New Haven: Yale University. pp. 575–576. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  13. University of Wooster Medical Department, Eighteenth Annual Catalogue, 1881-82 (PDF). Cleveland, Ohio: University of Wooster. 1881. p. 14. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  14. Grossi, Ken. "Oberlin in Asia: A digital collection documenting the sharing of the ideals of learning and labor". Shansi: Oberlin and Asia. Oberlin College Library. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  15. Oberlin College (1876). Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1876-77. Toledo, OH: Blade Printing. p. 42.
  16. Oberlin College (1877). Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1877-78. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p. 41.
  17. Oberlin College (1878). Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year 1878-79. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p. 17.
  18. Oberlin College (1916). Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p. 48. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  19. Fairchild, James H. (1860). "Joint Education of the Sexes". Oberlin College. In all [as of 1860], forty-seven ladies have completed the full College Course of study here, and two hundred and forty-nine have completed the Ladies' Course.
  20. Jewett, F. F.; Jewett, Frances Gulick Jewett (1922). "The chemical department of Oberlin College from 1833 to 1912". The Oberlin Alumni Magazine. 18 (10): 1–15. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  21. Smith, George David (1988). From monopoly to competition : the transformations of Alcoa, 1888-1986. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0521352611. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  22. Craig, Norman C. (1997). "Julia Hall - Coinventor?". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 15 (1): 6–7, 36–37.
  23. Oberlin College (1916). Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  24. Craig, Norman. "A History of Oberlin's Chemistry Facilities". Oberlin Online. Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  25. Craig, Norman C. (2013). "Charles M. Hall's Persistent quest of patents for refining aluminum metal by electrolysis" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 38 (1): 13–18. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  26. "Charles Martin Hall Article". Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  27. "Production of Aluminum: The Hall-Héroult Process". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  28. "A National Historic Chemical Landmark: Production of aluminum metal by electrochemistry, Oberlin, Ohio, September 17, 1997IO SEP TE MBER 17 , 19 97" (PDF). American Chemical Society. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  29. Charles M. Hall v. Paul L. [T.] Héroult. Interference. Process for Reducing Aluminum by Electrolysis. U.S. Patent Office, October 24, 1887.
  30. Tselos, George D.; Wickey, Colleen (1987). A guide to archives and manuscript collections in the history of chemistry and chemical technology. Philadelphia, PA: Center for History of Chemistry. p. 72. ISBN 9780941901055. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  31. Sheller, Mimi (2014). Aluminum dreams : the making of light modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0262026826. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  32. Giddens, Paul H. (1953). "Alcoa, An. American Enterprise. By Charles C. Carr. (Book review)". Pennsylvania History. 20 (2): 209–210.
  33. Trescott, Martha Moore, ed. (1980). Dynamos and virgins revisited : women and technological change in history : an anthology. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
  34. Trescott, Martha M. (January 1977). "Julia B. Hall and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 54 (1): 24. Bibcode:1977JChEd..54...24T. doi:10.1021/ed054p24.
  35. Kass-Simon, Gabrielle; Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah (eds.) (1990). Women of Science: Righting the Record. Indiana University Press. pp. 173––176. ISBN 978-0-253-20813-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  36. Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 35–37. ISBN 978-0941901123. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  37. "Westwood" (PDF). Oberlin Historical and Improvement Organization. 1997.
  38. "Hall House". Historic Preservation in Oberlin. Oberlin College. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.