Johan Grimonprez

Johan Grimonprez (born 1962) is a Belgian multimedia artist, filmmaker, and curator. He is most known for his films Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y (1997) and Double Take (2009) and Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade (2011), based on the book by Andrew Feinstein. As of 2014, Grimonprez's upcoming project includes the feature films How to Rewind Your Dog.

Johan Grimonprez
Grimonprez in 2007
Nationality	Belgian
Education	The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Berlin (1997); Jan van Eyck Academy, New York (Post Graduate FA, 1995); Whitney Museum Independent Study Program, New York (1993); School of Visual Arts, New York (MFA Film & Mixed Media, 1992); School of Arts, KASK, Ghent (BA Photography & Mixed Media, 1986)
Occupation	Filmmaker, artist, curator
Awards	Black Pearl Award: Best New Documentary Director, First Prize European Media Award, First Prize International Media Awards, Golden Spire: Best Director, Grand Prix de la Ville de Genève

Personal life

Grimonprez was born in 1962 in Roeselare, Belgium. After studying cultural anthropology, he went on to complete his studies in photography and mixed media at Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent. Grimonprez received an MFA in Video & Mixed Media at the School of Visual Arts in New York. In 1993, Grimonprez was accepted into Whitney Museum Independent Study Program and later attended the Jan van Eyck Academy in Maastricht, Netherlands. In 1993, Grimonprez worked on the series Besmette Stad for the program Ziggurat on Belgian television.

Themes

His films are characterised by a criticism of contemporary media manipulation, described as: "an attempt to make sense of the wreckage wrought by history." This films "speak to the need to see history at a distance, but at the same time to speak from inside it".[1] Other themes include the relationship between the individual and the mainstream image,[2] the notion of zapping as "an extreme form of poetry",[3] and the questioning of our consensus reality, which Grimonprez defines as: "a reality that is entangled with the stories we tell ourselves in the worldview we agree on sharing." Grimonprez claims that "Hollywood seems to be running ahead of reality. The world is so awash in images that we related to 9/11 through images we had already projected out into the world. In a sense, fiction came back to haunt us as reality.[4] A perpetual distraction, this illusion of abundance staged by techno-magic hid the ugly face of an info-dystopia. Images of Abu Ghraib, 9/11, swine flu, the BP Gulf oil spill and the economic crisis composed our new contemporary sublime." Amongst Grimonprez's influences are Walter Benjamin, Jorge Luis Borges, and Don DeLillo.

Films

Shadow World

Shadow World is a documentary about the international weapons trade. The film is based on Andrew Feinstein's book "The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade" (2011). Feinstein's book exposes the "parallel world of money, corruption, deceit and death" behind the trade in arms.[5] Key interviews include: Jeremy Scahill, Chris Hedges, Michael Hardt, Noam Chomsky among others. Grimonprez claims that "the contemporary condition of what it is to be human calls into question the relevance of politics and reality, one that has collapsed under the weight of an information overload and mass deception." To him the present political debate "has schrunk into mere fear management and paranoia suddenly seems the only sensible state of being, where it is easier to ponder the end of the world than to imagine viable political alternatives.[6] "Shying away from getting stuck into merely critiquing social evil, I began exploring alternatives. It's indeed important to say what we don't want, but more crucial is to point at what we actually do want."[7] According to Grimonprez, the film not only exposes how corruption drives the global arms trade, while it often sets the stage for war, it hopes to offer also alternatives to the paradigm of greed, celebrated by social darwinism.[8]

Double Take

Main article: Double Take (2009 film)

Released in 2009, Double Take combines documentary and fictional elements. The plot, written by British novelist Tom McCarthy, centres on Alfred Hitchcock and a fictitious meeting Hitchcock has with an older version of himself during the Cold War.[9] Using the allegory of a sky-borne threat, Double Take charts the rise of the television in the domestic setting and with it, the ensuing commodification of fear. The five Folgers commercials for instant coffee that play throughout Double Take are standing for the commercial break of the television format as well as for the exploration of the theme that fear and murder lurks in the domestic setting. Inspired by the Jorge Luis Borges short story "25th August, 1983",[10] it plays on the Hitchcockian/Borgesian aphorism that "if you should meet your double, you should kill him... Or he will kill you...”[11] This encounter with the double or the mirroring of Hitchcock versus Hitchcock (as Hitchcock frequently doubled himself as the storyteller in his films through his cameos),[12] sketches out the theme of the doppelgänger- the parody of the original. This mirrors the plot of rivalry between cinema (Hitchcock the filmmaker), its television double (Hitchcock the television-maker) and the younger YouTube Hitchcock.[13] This mistaken identity is described by Grimonprez as "the uncanny feeling that in a situation, something, or someone looks exactly the same as another, but somehow is not, and hence is totally displaced. It creates an unease and a sense of anxiety announcing the impending disaster, but precisely because of this, reveals a glimpse of the sublime."[14]

Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y

Main article: Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y

Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y is an essay film that traces the history of airplane hijackings as portrayed in mainstream television. Set against a backdrop of a chronology of airline hijackings, beginning with the first documented airplane hijacking in 1931,[15] which was immediately inscribed into the political arena from the get-go.[16] Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y illustrates how, as hijackings got progressively more television coverage, they became more and more deadly.[17] The nature of live television allowed for a minute by minute update of the hijack as the situation unravelled; blurring the line between entertainment and tragedy,[18] For terrorists seeking to inscribe their struggle in history, the hijack devoid of the mediatized image of itself lost all of its communicative power. With the airplane always on the move between countries and borders as if in state of nowhere, the hijack came to symbolize the transgression across a violent border towards a political utopia.[19] "This study in pre-Sept. 11 terrorism"[20] is interspersed with passages from Don DeLillo's novels Mao II and White Noise, "providing a literary and philosophic anchor to the film."[21] Questioning the role of the writer in an image saturated society, Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y's narrative is based on an imagined dialogue between a terrorist and a novelist where the writer contends that the terrorist has hijacked his role within society: "there's a curious knot that binds novelists and terrorists. Years ago I used to think it was possible for a novelist to alter the inner life of the culture. Now bomb-makers and gunmen have taken that territory." As the plot progresses, it becomes clear that with the increasing media coverage of terrorist hijacks, this power of producing an inward societal shock has been wrestled from the writer by the terrorist. They are 'playing a zero-sum game' where “what the terrorists gain, novelists lose!”[22] By the 1990s, the individual hijackers apparently are no more, "replaced on our TV screens by stories of state-sponsored suitcase bombs".[23] By now, the media is increasingly involved as a key player; "the images of the individual is substituted by a flow of crowds; hijacking is replaced by anonymous suitcase bombs. [...] Since the eighties, the Reagan Administration started to accommodate the terrorist spectacle to veil its own dirty game in El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. Terrorism became merely a superficial game played through the media".[24] In this sense, the deeper underlying theme is that the hijackers' hijack was becoming itself hijacked by news media corporations.[2]^:264[25] The piece premiered in 1997 at the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris and was later screened at documenta X in Kassel.[26]

"Kobarweng or Where is Your Helicopter?"

The short documentary "Kobarweng or Where is Your Helicopter?" (1992) deals with the history of a remote village in the highlands of New Guinea. The videotape assembles archival footage and oral histories depicting the first encounter between the Irian Jaya people and the scientific crew, including anthropologists, of the Dutch Star Mountains Expedition.[27] The confrontation with the crew and their helictopter caused a shock that threw the worldview of the villagers upside down.[28] The event even entered their Sibil-tongue language; literally translated, weng means language, whilst kobar airplane.[29] "Kobarweng's" title is an ironic reference to a question first posed to Grimonprez by a local man named Kaiang Tapor, who, upon Grimonprez's arrival in the village of Pepera after a three-day hike, asked him where his helicopter was. The footage in the film is traversed by a running band of script, reporting observations and remarks culled from anthropologists' interviews, eye-witness reports, and the reminiscences of those highlanders who recall those moments of 'first contact' between the white intruders (missionaries, prospectors, anthropologists, adventurers) and the local inhabitants: "We never tell everything, we always keep something for the next anthropologist" they are candid enough to admit to Margaret Mead, while another wit remarks: "We called the whites 'people of soap', but their shit smelled the same as ours."[30] Switching the roles of observer and observed, the relation implied in the anthropological representation is reversed: the desire of the observing anthropologist itself becomes “other”, “exotic”, an object of curiosity destabilised by the villager's questions.[31] According to Grimonprez:

Kobarweng critically considers the myth of objectivity, the pretence of an epistemic and scientific detachment maintained not just by the anthropologist, but throughout the discourse of western science, where the observer finds himself caught in an alienated position of transcendence over his/her subject."[32]

In 1994, Grimonprez showcased a five-channel installation, It Will Be All Right If You Come Again, Only Next Time Don't Bring Any Gear, Except a Tea Kettle..., which expanded upon the themes of "Kobarweng". The encounter between the different groups in 1939 up to the current problems caused by neocolonialism: The province is occupied by the Indonesian military and according to a Yale University Law School report "there can be little doubt that the Indonesian government has engaged in a systematic pattern of acts that has resulted in harm to a substantial part of the indigenous population of West Papua."[33] Amnesty International found that there were no effective means for people of the public could complain against the police acting in violation of international law and standards.[34]

Curated programs

All curated programs, in the form of a video lounge, could be seen as a media-jamming tool at the hand of an extensive collection of clips, that can be envisioned both as the joyful affirmation of a global disengagement of corporations abducting our very essence, patenting and privatizing for profit, alienating our food & bodies by creating a genetically modified variant[35] and the catalyst of debate.[36] According to Grimonprez, the participatory elements would be sometimes as simple as a hot cup of coffee. "We would never install our video-library without having cookies, the smell of coffee and the remote control present. These elements already induce a platform of conviviality, an atmosphere for chatting. You are invited to pick up the remote to zap through your own choice of videotapes, in a way to be your own curator."[25]

Beware! In Playing the Phantom, You Become One

Beware! In Playing the Phantom, You Become One is a videolounge based on the history of television, created in collaboration with Herman Asselberghs. In the work, Grimonprez questioned the image of the spectator as a passive consumer[37] and seeks to detect the impact of images on our feelings, our knowledge and our memory.[38] In his opinion, the homogeneity of what the media have to offer presents a creative context in which images can consciously be read the wrong way. The boring uniformity of mainstream TV can never impose uniformity in its perception.[39]

Maybe the Sky is Really Green, and We’re Just Colourblind: On Zapping, Close Encounters and the Commercial Break

This ongoing curated video-library/vlogging installation is a project on the history of the remote control and zapping in relation to the commercial break[40] and how zapping and channel surfing were installed as a new way to relate to the world in the 80s.[36] While Walter Benjamin and Sergei Eisenstein defined montage as a revolutionary tool for social analysis, MTV and CNN have surpassed this. Grimonprez said: "I saw what CNN did with war footage and then all these commercials spliced in between. I thought of the zapping as the ultimate form of poetry. It’s a visual poem."[41] The project continues as, according to Grimonprez, zapping became useless after 9/11 as all channels were beaming the very same images of the collapsing "Towering Infernos", over and over again. No longer did the media have to keep up with reality, but rather reality was now keeping up with the media.[42] No longer happy innocent consumers of a bygone TV era, we are said to have become both avid consumers of fear[43] and the protagonists of an increasing ubiquity of systems of surveillance.

Art

Grimonprez made his international debut on the art circuit at the documenta X in Kassel with his Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y in 1997.[44] Ten years later, the first retrospective of his work, Johan Grimonprez - Retrospective 1992–2007, was exhibited at the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich, 2007.[45] It’s a Poor Sort of Memory that Only Works Backwards followed as the first large-scale retroperspective of Grimonprez in his home country, Belgium, in the Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (SMAK) in Ghent, 2011–2012.[46] Artforum described the exhibition as "an unfamiliar archive [...] from the perception of fragments to the awareness of a common mentality, from the multiplicity of words to the emergence of a discourse".[47] Several artists, among Roy Villevoy, Jan Dietvorst and Adam Curtis, were invited to contribute to this exhibition. A prominent aspect in Grimonprez's work is the sky: "a canvas on which man has always projected his mystical aspirations, his political and economic struggles, and his poetic imaginings. They abstract spaces into which the very real histories of contemporary societies are woven".[47] According to Artforum, the critical dimension of Grimonprez's work follows close behind the "aesthetic of disaster and terror and the virtues of channel surfing in order to plunge the viewer into a state of genuine fascination".[47] Using repetition and delay, Grimonprez works towards a second glance; a double take - just like his feature-length film Double Take (2009), and "the state of confusion in which we are kept by the media machine".[47] Artforum states that Grimonprez "does not harangue us with denunciations but rather suggests that we reconsider the short circuits of this machine, of which we briefly catch glimpses".[47] It’s a Poor Sort of Memory that Only Works Backwards also exhibited at the Blaffer Art Museum in Houston, 2011[48] and the retrospective Johan Grimonprez exhibited in The Fruitmarket Gallery in Edinburgh, 2010.[49][50]

Works

Books

• It’s a poor sort of memory that only works backwards (Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz, 2011) ISBN 978-3775731300
• Looking for Alfred (London: Film and Video Umbrella, Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz Verlag, Munich: Pinakothek der Moderne, 2007) ISBN 978-1904270256
• Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y / A Holiday From History, an essay by Slavoj Zizek (contributions by Don DeLillo, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Vrääth Öhner, Argos Editions, Brussels: zap-o matik and Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz, 2003) ISBN 978-9076855127
• Inflight Magazine (Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz, 2000) ISBN 978-3775709934
• ...we must be over the rainbow! (Santiago de Compostela: CGAC and Xunta de Galicia, 1998) ISBN 84-453-2258-3
• Beware! In playing the phantom you become one (Johan Grimonprez & Herman Asselberghs, 1994–1998) video library. French version: Prends garde! A jouer au fantôme, on le devient (Paris: Musée National d'Art Moderne /Centre Georges Pompidou, 1997). German version: Vorsicht! Wer Phantom Spielt wird selbst eins (Kassel: Documenta X, 1997)
• It will be all right if you come again, only next time don’t bring any gear, except a tea kettle... (Brussels: Les Expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts, 1994)

Published essays

• "'Maybe the Sky is Really Green, and We're Just Colourblind': On Zapping, Close Encounters and the Commercial Break", based on a text that was first published as "Remote Control. On Zapping, Close Encounters and the Commercial Break", in Are You Ready for TV?, (Barcelona: MACBA, 2010–2011)
• Asselberghs, H. & Grimonprez, J. "No Man's Land", in Inflight (Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz, 2000), 10–53, based on 'Nergensland' (Leuven: Dietsche Warande & Belfort, 1997)

Filmography

Feature films

• The Shadow World (2016), documentary
• Double Take (2009)
• Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y (1997)

Shorts

• "I may have lost forever my umbrella" (2011)
• "…because Superglue is forever" (2011), work version of How to Rewind Your Dog
• "Looking for Alfred" (2005), also installation
• "The Hitchcock Castings" (2005)
• "Ron Burrage, Hitchcock Double" (2005)
• "LOST NATION, January 1999" (1999)
• "Smell the flowers while you can" (1993)
• "Well, you can't go to California, that's the first place they'll look for you" (1993)
• "Kobarweng or Where is Your Helicopter?" (1992)
• "Nimdol June 18, 1959" (1990)

Television

• Besmette Stad, produced by Ziggurat, Belgian TV BRT/TV1 (1993, restored in 2007)

Multimedia

• YouTube Me and I Tube You, On Zapping: Close Encounters and the Commercial Break (in association with Charlotte Léouzon for Are You Ready for TV?, Barcelona: MACBA & Houston: Blaffer Art Museum & Ghent: S.M.A.K., 2010), 2-channel interactive installation and web project
• Hitchcock didn't have a belly button: Interview with Karen Black by Johan Grimonprez (in co-production with Los Angeles: The Hammer Museum Residence, 2009), audio installation
• It will be all right if you come again, only next time don't bring any gear, except a tea kettle... (Brussels: Les Expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts & Ghent: S.M.A.K. 1994), 5-channel video installation
• Bed (Deerlijk: Gemeentemuseum, 2005), interactive installation

Vlogs

• Manipulators: Maybe the sky is really green and we're just colorblind (in association with Charlotte Léouzon for Ghent: ZooLogical Garden, Munich: Pinakothek der Moderne, 2006), YouTube-o-theque
• Maybe the Sky is Really Green, and We’re Just Colourblind (Stockholm: Magasin 3, 2000–2002) video lounge
• Dorothy Doesn't Live Here Anymore... (in co-production with Büro Friedrich, Berlin, 1997–2001) video lounge
• Beware! In playing the phantom you become one (in association with Herman Asselberghs, 1994–1998) video library. French version: Prends garde! A jouer au fantôme, on le devient (Paris: Musée National d'Art Moderne /Centre Georges Pompidou, 1997). German version: Vorsicht! Wer Phantom Spielt wird selbst eins (Kassel: Documenta X, 1997)

References

1. Peranson, Mark. "Interviews | If You Meet Your Double, You Should Kill Him: Johan Grimonprez on Double Take". Cinema Scope.
2. Leighton, Tanya; Büchler, Pavel (October 31, 2003). Saving the image: art after film. Centre for Contemporary Arts. pp. 119–28, 264. ISBN 1-873331 24X.
3. reflect #04 (2005). Documentary now! Contemporary strategies in photography, film and the visual arts. NAi Publishers. pp. 172–7, 192. ISBN 978-90-5662-760-7.
4. Scrimengeour, Alexander. "1000 Words: Johan Grimonprez" (PDF). ARTFORUM. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
5. Smith, P.D. (November 27, 2012). "The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade by Andrew Feinstein – review". The Guardian.
6. Grimonprez, Johan. "'Remote Control. On Zapping, Close Encounters and the Commercial Break, in Are You Ready for TV?" (PDF). MACBA. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
7. Gijs, Pieterjan. "On Radical Ecology and Tender Gardening". Retrieved 21 February 2016.
8. Mieville, China; Hirschhorn, Thomas; Grimonprez, Johan; Critchley, Simon; Arnall, James; Slavin, Timo; Superflux, Kevin; Hammersley, Ben; van 't Zelfde, Juha (February 28, 2014). Dread: The Dizziness of Freedom (Antennae). Valiz/Antennae Series. ISBN 978-9078088813.
9. McCarthy, T. (2009). Double Take - Narration of the Film. Inspired by the short story "August 25, 1983" by J. L. Borges.
10. Nobus, D. (October 15, 2009). Borges' and Hitchcock's Double Desire. Arts Centre Vooruit, Ghent, Belgium: Paper presented at the symposium "Shot by Both Sides! Double Take".
11. Cabin, Chris. "Double Take" (PDF). AMCFilmcritic.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
12. Darke, C. (2007). Johan Grimonprez: Looking for Alfred. Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz. ISBN 9783775720083.
13. Bernard, Catherine; Grimonprez, Johan (2010). Criqui, J.-P. (ed.). "Johan Grimonprez en dialogue avec Catherine Bernard". L'image-document, entre réalité et fiction (in French) (Images en Manoeuvres ed.). Paris / Marseille: Le Bal: 212–23.
14. Jackson, Camilla (December 2004). "Johan Grimonprez: Looking for Alfred". The Photographers' Gallery. 57.
15. "Johan Grimonprez". Frieze. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
16. Grimonprez, Johan; Asselberghs, Herman (1997). It's a poor sort of memory that only works backwards (No Man's Land: Politics in the Sky). Hatje Cantz. p. 203. ISBN 9783775731300.
17. Asselberghs, Herman; Grimonprez, Johan (October 1997). Nergensland. Dietsche Warande & Belfort.
18. Provan, Alexander (July 2009). "If you see yourself, kill him: Johan Grimonprez & Tom McCarthy interviewed by Alexander Provan". Bidoun Magazine. 18: 32–9.
19. Grimonprez, Johan (August 31, 2011). It's a poor sort of memory that only works backwards (PDF). Hatje Cantz. p. 226. ISBN 9783775731300.
20. Cotter, Holland (February 20, 2004). "Art In Review". The New York Times.
21. Cotter, Suzanne; Birnbaun, Daniel; Butler, Cornelia H. (November 7, 2011). Defining Contemporary Art: 25 Years in 200 Pivotal Artworks. Phaidon Press. p. 223. ISBN 0714862096.
22. Arey, J.A. (1972). The Sky Pirates. Ian Allan. p. 42. ISBN 978-0684125848.
23. Grimonprez, Johan. "synopsis dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y".
24. Bernard, Catherine; Grimonprez, Johan (1998). "Supermarket History: Interview with Johan Grimonprez". Parkett (53): 6–18.
25. Obrist, H.U. (1999). "Email interview with Johan Grimonprez". Camera Austria. 66.
26. "Sean Kelly Gallery - Johan Grimonprez - Artist Biography". skny.com. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
27. "Kobarweng or Where is Your Helicopter". LIMA. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
28. Brongersma, L.D.; Venema, G.F. (1962). To the Mountains of the Stars. New York: Doubleday.
29. Hylkema, S (1974). Mannen in het draagnet, mens- en wereldbeeld van de Nalum Sterrengebergte. 'S-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-247-1622-7.
30. Elsaesser, Thomas. "Johan Grimonprez Kobarweng or Where is Your Helicopter?". Neuer Berliner Kunstverein - Kobarweng.
31. "Kobarweng or Where is Your Helicopter?".
32. Grimonprez, J.; Asselberghs, H. (1998). "Kobarweng or Where is Your Helicopter". Johan Grimonprez: "We must be over the rainbow!. Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea: 85–6.
33. "Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control" (PDF). By the Allard K. Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic Yale Law School.
34. "Document - Papua New Guinea: Violence against women, sorcery-related killings and forced evictions: Amnesty International Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review".
35. Smith, J.M. (2003). Seeds of Deception: Exposing Industry and Government Lies About the Safety of the Genetically Engineered Foods You're Eating. Darington: Green Books. ISBN 978-0972966580.
36. "Hogeschool Gent – School of Arts: Masteropleiding 2013-2014: Theoretische Seminaries / Theoretical Seminars" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2013.
37. Diagonal thoughts. "Video Vortex, Edition V". In the Context of Cimatics Festival 2009.
38. "Johan Grimonprez dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y". Deitch.com.
39. ARGOS. "Johan Grimonprez". Retrieved 2014-06-27.
40. Édition de l’École européenne Supérieure d’art de Bretagne (November 10, 2011). Auto Archivage Immediat. EESAB Lorient. pp. 136–42, 160. ISBN 978-2-9519868-8-6.
41. Sears, Kelly (February 4, 2011). "Between Perverse Meaning and Nonsense". ...might be good (162).
42. "Maybe the Sky is Really Green, and We're Just Colourblind: On Zapping, Close Encounters and the Commercial Break". zapomatik.
43. Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0312427993.
44. David, Catherine; Chevreir, Jean-Francois (June 2, 1997). Documenta X: The Book. Hatje Cantz. ISBN 3893229116.
45. "Johan Grimonperez – Retrospective 1992-2007" (pdf).
46. "Johan Grimonprez: It's a Poor Sort of Memory that Only Works Backwards".
47. Mignon, Olivier (February 2012). "Review: Johan Grimonprez". Artforum.
48. "Johan Grimonprez: It's a Poor Sort of Memory that Only Works Backwards".
49. "Johan Grimonprez".
50. "Johan Grimonprez at The Fruitmarket Gallery". YouTube.com.

Further reading

• Wood, E., "Grimonprez's Remix", in Terrorism, Media, and the Ethics of Fiction: Transatlantic Perspectives on Don DeLillo, ed. P. Schneck & P. Schweighauser (Continuum, 2010) ISBN 978-1441199362

External links

• Johan Grimonprez on IMDb
• Johan Grimonprez at UbuWeb