Jew with a coin

"Jew with a coin" (Żyd z pieniążkiem),[1][2][3] "little Jews" (Żydki),[4] or "lucky Jew" ("Żyd na szczęście")[1] are controversial antisemitic images or figurines of a Jew holding a coin, usually accompanied by a proverb.[1] The motif was first described in articles from 2000, and probably dates back to after the 1989 transition of Polish government.[1] As of the early 21st century, they are found in shops and homes in Poland.[2][5][6] According to a 2015 survey, 65% of respondents recognized the motif, 55% saw an item with the motif at the home of a family member or friend, and 18% of respondents had one themselves.[1]

Scholars offer various interpretations of the motif's nature and origin, though they generally agree that it is used as a talisman for good luck,[7][8] in particular financial good luck.[1][9][10] The images draw on a traditional antisemitic canard of the Jewish moneylender.[11][12] Opinions about the motif vary; some cultural studies scholars believe it promotes Polish–Jewish dialogue or view it as harmless folklore or nostalgia, while others believe it is an antisemitic and offensive stereotype.[4][5][9][13][14]

Usage and customs
Paintings of Jews holding a coin

The figurines are used as a good luck charm in the hope of becoming rich,[1][10] as well as good luck charms by football fans who then blame Jews if their team loses.[7][8]

The figurines are often given as gifts.[13] Some are sold with "instruction manuals" how to use them to bring good fortune.[1] It is advised to turn them upside down on the Sabbath (Friday night[13] or Saturdays[15]) or place a coin (grosz, 1/100 of a złoty) behind the image so that money and good fortune may fall upon the household.[1][10][13][15] At homes the images are to be placed in the entrance hall to the left of the door (probably akin to mezuzah).[1][2][3] The figurines are also placed in offices and in shops next to cash registers.[15] According to a 2015 survey in Poland, 50 percent of respondents knew of the superstition of good fortune, 24 percent of the custom to place a grosz behind the frame, and 13 percent of turning it upside down on the Sabbath.[1]

The motif is often accompanied by one of a few sayings . The saying Żyd w sieni, pieniądz w kieszeni ("Jew in the hall, coin in your pocket"), has roots pre-dating the Second World War.[1] The original meaning of the saying was that as long as the Jew stayed at the entrance of the house the money in the house remained safe, but in contemporary popular usage the meaning has been reversed: the Jew in the hall brings fortune to the house.[1] Joanna Tokarska-Bakir stresses that: "Given the power of connotations associated with contemporary history, this maxim takes on a bitter meaning, as it alludes to how Poles enriched themselves when they protected the Jews".[1] The saying Kto nie ma w domu Żyda, temu bida ("He who has no Jew at home is moneyless") is based on Kiedy bida, to do Żyda ("When poverty is there, go to the Jew"), referring originally to Jewish moneylenders and also dating prior to the Second World War.[1] Modern variants have also arisen and accompany the motif, for instance: Aby kasa w domu była, I się nigdy nie skonczyła, Żyda w domu trzeba mieć! We pieniędzy będzie strzec ("So that the money stays at home, and that it does not leave, keep a Jew in your house, he will keep the cash").[1]

Survey

According to a 2015 survey conducted by Paweł Dobrosielski, Piotr Majewski and Justyna Nowak in Poland, 65% of respondents recognized the motif, 55% saw the motif at the home of family or friends, and 18% had such an object.[1] There was no correlation between respondent age and recognition of the motif, an affirmation that the motif is a recent introduction.[1] 50% of respondents were aware of the superstition that it brings financial good luck,[1] 24% were aware of the practice of placing a grosz behind the frame, and 13% of turning it upside down on the Sabbath.[1] Some 16% of respondents performed one of these rituals.[16]

According to Dobrosielski, the low level of knowledge and practice of the associated superstitions in contrast to the high level of recognition may be explained by the motif being a recent phenomenon, with accompanying superstitions not yet established in a habitual fashion as older superstitions are.[16] Dobrosielski notes that women were more likely than men to practice the superstitions associated with the motif, as well as other superstitions.[16] Dobrosielski finds further affirmation for the recentness of the phenomenon when he contrasts his results with the results of a survey on general superstitions in Poland,[17] which found that 39% of respondents practiced five common superstitions such as finger crossing.[16] Dobrosielski's final portion of the survey asked a series of questions related to antisemitic prejudice, based on questions used by sociologist Antoni Sułek. Sułek's respondents when queried on "whether Jews have too much influence on Poland's affairs" answered in the affirmative 43% in 2002 and 22% in 2010, whereas Dobrosielski in 2015 found a rate of 33% (correlated with age, inversely correlated with financial wellbeing and education).[16]

Some 50% of respondents viewed the motif as a talisman for financial luck (with 18% disagreeing, others did not know), 43% as a good luck charm (with 20% disagreeing), 23% as a regional souvenir (31% disagreeing), and 15% as a talisman for protection of house and family (33% disagreeing).[16] Dobrosielski notes with surprise that few respondents saw the image at shops (27%), the internet (21%), or service location such as restaurants (12%) while multiple academic and journalistic pieces have stated it is ubiquitous in such places. Dobrosielski explains the discrepancy by suggesting that the motif, which is often on small objects, is easy to miss in a location with a multitude of other items in particular when customers have an intent to purchase something else.[16]

Ethnographic analysis

Origins

Research by Erica Lehrer, who curated the Souvenir, Talisman, Toy exhibit at the Ethnographic Museum of Kraków, shows that while figurines of Jews existed in the past in Poland the contemporary figurines connecting traditionally dressed Jews with financial motifs like coins is recent. Prior to the Second World War, Jewish figurines were present in Christmas and Easter rituals and in particular in the Emaus Easter market fair in Kraków. During the communist era in Poland figurines of Jews were available for sale in the Cepelia ethnic art stores.[4] The figurines with the coins were first described in articles from 2000 whose authors state the phenomenon is recent, and that the figurines probably date back to the times following the transition of government in 1989.[1]

Scholars have looked at a number of dimensions of the "Jew with a coin" figurines, paintings and associated products. One of those is the stereotypical connection between Jews and money. According to Polish scholar of Jewish history, Bożena Umińska-Keff, while Jews were stereotypically associated with money and financial gain for many centuries,[4][18] the rise of the coin imagery in post-communist Poland is not coincidental as Jews have become equated in Poland with success in the capitalistic West that post-1989 Poland aspires to catch up to.[4] Sociologist Ewa Tartakowsky ties the popularity of the figurines to the even more recent growth of public discourse on the Holocaust in Poland, that began with Jan T. Gross's publication of Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (2001).[1]

According to historian and sociologist Alina Cała, three points of reference stand out in the figurines. The first is reminiscent of figurines in the traditional Emaus Easter fair, the second is black magic, whereas the third is the traditional antisemitic caricature of the Jewish moneylender which was exploited in Nazi and antisemitic Polish iconography. However, whereas classical moneylender tropes often presented assimilated Jews, the current Polish figurines present Jews in traditional Orthodox dress. Cała also notes that, most likely after a complaint from a tourist, currently the figurines being sold in the Kazimierz neighborhood feature the Star of David instead of a coin.[11]

According to Polish anthropologist Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, the figurines fill a role similar to a series of other domestic demons – in this case protecting Polish homes that were "purified of Jews". Tokarska-Bakir says that given that Polish society has enriched itself as a result of the "disappearance" of the Jews, the custom is grotesque – a demonism transformed into a triviality. Turning to Sigmund Freud's Totem and Taboo, Tokarska-Bakir contrasts the Polish custom with totemic religion, which is the product of guilty sons attempting to atone for the founding murder of legendary horde leaders. Cast in this manner, Tokarska-Bakir considers the grotesque practice as less irrational – the protection of the home by the Jew who was expelled from the home being a twisted sign of moral initiation.[2][3][16] Tokarska-Bakir's analysis, first published in the weekend edition of Gazeta Wyborcza, elicited a few indignant responses.[16] Paweł Jędrzejewski of the Forum of Polish Jews rejected the claims of antisemitism of the figures and pointed out the desire to obtain wealth and the positive image of Jews as being professional and the high income of Jewish Americans.[16] Ethnologist Ludwik Stomma described her analysis as "it is difficult to have something more tangled up" and suggested her views are based on outdated 19th-century work. Stomma pointed out that some of the definitions used by Tokarska-Bakir are difficult to understand, such as "father substitute" or "freed women". According to Stomma, Tokarska-Bakir should know that there were never "totemic religions".[19] In response, Tokarska-Bakir said that readers will remember Sigmund Freud long after they forget Stomma.[16]

Cultural studies scholar Paweł Dobrosielski, who performs a vernacular culture analysis, reaches the same conclusion as Tokarska-Bakir.[1] Dobrosielski states the motif draws on prior Jewish and money stereotypes, but tamed and redirected to a positive meaning in supporting Poles seeking wealth. Dobrosielski sees the motif as a "reaction to the feeling of isolation produced by the highly complex Polish discourse on the Holocaust, and simultaneously by the internalization (via taking into account common interpretations) and contestation (via inverting its meaning) of that discourse".[1][16] According to Dobrosielski the image disturbs mostly researchers and publicists, and for most Poles the Jew with a coin seems harmless, a friendly practice connected to a positive view of Jews. Dobrosielski writes that the debate among academics is conducted in an isolated circulation, where specialist knowledge invokes context of multilayered history of antisemitic prejudice, which is however absent from practice in real social life.[16] Dobrosielski also notes that high recognition of the figures could be influenced by the very debate by scholars which made them visible to a public audience.[16]

According to Tartakowsky, even if the figurines are not an expression of antisemitism, they are affected by the dis-inhibition of xenophobic rhetoric and marking of those designated as "enemies of the state". Tartakowsky notes that freedom of expression in post-1989 Poland is reflective of the American model, as opposed to the French one, favoring freedom of expression over the outlawing of hate speech. Tartakowsky ties the placement of the image to the left of the doorway to likely mockery of the mezuzah in Jewish custom. Tartakowsky notes the reappropriation of Jewish figurines is deeply ambiguous, but is troubling due to the modern political context and stereotyping.[1]

According to Umińska-Keff, while the phenomena of antisemitism lacks recognition in modern Poland, the old antisemitic myths are still repeated and are even perceived as factual. Umińska-Keff asserts that the imagery and superstitions surrounding the figurines contain all the basic elements of antisemitism – a non-personalized soulless man embodied by money,[1][18] and sees the figurines as part of a wider tradition of antisemitic stereotypes in Poland (Jewish sorcerers, Jews taking blood from children, Judensau, Żydokomuna, etc.).[18]

Johnny Daniels, an activist promoting the dialogue between Jews and Poles, said he considers such items an "insensitive but ultimately [a] harmless expression of nostalgia", comparable to the cigar store Indian in the United States. According to the Simon Wiesenthal Center's director for international relations, Shimon Samuels, an underlying superstition regarding Jews lays behind the figurines. Samuels likened them to a phantom limb for modern day Poland. Due to the lack of a sizeable Jewish presence in the country, the figurines therefore serve as a legacy of persistent Jewish caricatures.[7]

Impact and use

According to Lehrer, some Jews who travel to Poland see the figurines as "inflammatory and shocking, and mostly it gets read in the context of antisemitism". Lehrer says that while one can not understand the figurines with the coin without referring to the history of antisemitic imagery, the figurines are rooted in a long history that is more complex than just antisemitism. According to Lehrer, the folk artists creating the figurines, especially the older ones, treat the figurines with artistic, sensitive treatment. One use of the charms is as tourist keepsakes and tokens of nostalgia or political attempts to connect with the Jewish past, whereas a second use is as a good luck charm bringing prosperity. Lehrer states that the figurines are seen in Polish folk society as innocent and even complimentary towards Jewish people, and that most do not realize such items might be controversial. Lehrer also says that the figurines "embody some bits of historical memory of Jews as seen through their mostly peasant neighbours' eyes – but mixed with myth, sometimes nostalgia, and after the war, occasionally empathy."[1][7][14] Lehrer notes that these tourist souvenirs evoke an ambivalent reaction among Jewish tourists; and buyers' reactions range from revulsion to wonder.[20]

Joanna Michlic sees the use of Jews as "good luck charms" as a transformation of a prior negative stereotype of Jewish money-lending into a positive stereotype of a Jewish businessman which Poles should imitate for success. Michlic notes that the items are popular, presented as gifts, and in some circles are a "must [have] item" in private businesses. According to Michlic, this has led to a new group of Polish artists specializing in these artifacts, which create kitschy works to fulfill market demand. Michlic states that placing a positive spin on old antisemitic stereotypes is not unique to Poland, but also takes place in other post-communist eastern European countries such as Romania.[21]

Historian Magdalena Waligórska associates the paintings and sculptures with black magic, seeing them as serving an amulet function in a country now almost devoid of Jews.[22]

Musicologist and Jewish studies scholar Halina Goldberg notes that while the phenomenon may be fascinating from in commercial and ethnographic sense, it "is troubling that the most prevalent Polish image of Jewishness, one that is imprinted on the minds of people who know no other Jews, is that of the traditionally attired Orthodox Jew who has the power to control one's financial fortunes."[23]

In December 2019, DIY chain Obi withdrew "Jew with a coin" images from sale after an outcry led by musician Tomasz Sikora.[24]

Exhibits and performances

The 2013 Souvenir, Talisman, Toy exhibit at the Ethnographic Museum of Kraków, curated by Erica Lehrer, explored the development of Jewish figurines in general and the "Jew with a coin" in particular.[4][11] The exhibit was subsequently extended and displayed at the Galicia Jewish Museum.[25][26] The subsequent Lucky Jews / Na szczęście to Żyd book is an extended version of the exhibit catalog, and also contains a collection of letters sent to Polish authorities by Jews around the world who are outraged at the motif.[16]

Concurrent to the 2017 Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków, inaugurating Festivalt site-specific events, a trio of street performers dressed in traditional Orthodox garb sat behind a desk, surrounded by a mock picture frame, and laden with old-style inkwell, accounting ledger and quill pen. Bringing the figurines to life, the performers offered "good fortune" to passersby in exchange for a few coins.[27] One of the performers, Michael Rubenfeld, continued performing in 2018.[13][28][29][30]

In 2019, the Jewish Museum London ran an exhibit titled Jews, Money, Myth exploring antisemitic imagery linking Jews with money. Alongside manifestations of antisemitic imagery dating back to Judas and the Thirty pieces of silver, the exhibit featured a display case of the popular Polish "Lucky Jew" ceramic figurines.[31][32][33]

gollark: How weird.
gollark: I've got code for it sort of written, but it doesn't support images or anything yet, and doesn't tell you what answers were right and wrong.
gollark: I should launch the osmarks.tk quiz™.
gollark: Anyway, just configure HTTPS™, it's not that hard.
gollark: google form is google !!!!

See also

References
  1. Tartakowsky, Ewa (2017). "Le Juif à la pièce d'argent". La vie des idées (in French). "The Jew with the Gold Coin". English translation by Dorval, Arianne. 24 April 2017
  2. Tokarska-Bakir, Joanna (18 February 2012), "Żyd z pieniążkiem podbija Polskę" [A Jew with a coin conquers Poland], Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish), retrieved 25 August 2019
  3. Tokarska-Bakir, Joanna (2019), "The Jew with a Coin: Analysis of a contemporary folkloric emblem" (PDF), The American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies, retrieved 25 August 2019
  4. Mer, Benny (20 November 2014), "Why Are the Poles Amassing Jewish Figurines?", Haaretz, retrieved 25 August 2019
  5. Belfer, Ilana (9 October 2013), "Hey Poland, What's Up with Those Lucky Jew Statues?", VICE, retrieved 25 August 2019
  6. Gruber, Ruth Ellen (Fall 2009), "Beyond Virtually Jewish: New Authenticities and Real Imaginary Spaces in Europe" (PDF), The Jewish Quarterly Review, 99 (4): 487–504, doi:10.1353/jqr.0.0064 – via Hebrew University of Jerusalem, My experience at Anatewka was my first with that particular line of money-clutching Jewish figurine, but identical figures are now for sale by the score in certain venues in Krakow and Warsaw. Jews and their supposed special association with money are a long-standing, often negative, stereotype and the frequent subject of paintings and other imagery. Poles have explained that there is a 'tradition of Polish people placing pictures of Jews with money in their hands near the entrance doors of their homes as a good luck omen.'
  7. Poland's mantelpiece Jews, The JC, 4 December 2014
  8. Driving to Treblinka: A Long Search for a Lost Father, Diana Wichtel, 2018, Awa Press, page 144. link to extract from book in Nzherald, published 16 May 2018
  9. Zawadzka, Anna. "Drinking vodka with anti-Semites. A case study of 'Polish-Jewish relations' today." Adeptus 11 (2018): 1-23. quote: ""A Jew with a coin" is an anti-Semitic picture people hang at home as a lucky charm bringing financial success, which can be bought across Poland in souvenir shops, newspaper stands, florists, art galleries and bazaars. The figure depicted in such pictures wears a hat or kippah. Putting a kippah on may therefore be interpreted as a gesture of self-exotization. It is putting a mask on, and taking part in a masquerade in the role of a Jew, designed to meet the needs of the Christian audience.
  10. Luck Jews? Pictures + Essay by Erica Lehrer in Jewish Museum London's 2019 Jews, Money, Myth exhibition catalog, page 77
  11. Cała, Alina (2015), "Pamiątka, Zabawka, Talizman / Souvenir, Talisman, Toy (wystawa w Muzeum Etnograficznym w Krakowie, 2013 rok, kuratorka: Erica Lehrer", Studia Litteraria et Historica, 3 (4): 265–271, retrieved 23 August 2019
  12. Luck Jews? Pictures + Essay by Erica Lehrer in Jewish Museum London's 2019 Jews, Money, Myth exhibition catalog, page 79
  13. Liphshiz, Cnaan (18 August 2018), "Why 'Lucky Jew' imagery is so popular in Poland", The Times of Israel, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, retrieved 25 August 2019
  14. Voices on Antisemitism Podcast, USHMM, 1 October 2015
  15. Zion, Ilan Ben (29 December 2014), "Real Jews are scarce in Warsaw, but 'lucky Jew' figurines are everywhere", The Times of Israel, retrieved 25 August 2019
  16. Dobrosielski, Paweł (2015), ""Żyd z pieniążkiem" jako praktyka polskiej: kultury wernakularnej" [The "Jew with a coin" as a practice of the polish vernacular culture: a preliminary research report] (PDF), Kultura Współczesna, National Centre for Culture, 3 (87): 61–75, retrieved 25 August 2019
  17. Spolecznej, Centrum Badania Opinii. "Przesądy wciąż żywe." (2011).
  18. "Żyd o imieniu Żyd" ("A Jew with the name Jew"), Bożena Umińska-Keff, 19 May 2012, originally published in Przekrój republished on Rzeczpospolita
  19. Ludwik Stomma, "Bakir z pieniążkiem", "Polityka", volume 11 (2850), 14.03-20.03.2012.
  20. Klezmer's Afterlife: An Ethnography of the Jewish Music Revival in Poland and Germany Magdalena Waligorska page 144 Oxford University Press 2013
  21. Michlic, Joanna Beata (2016), "Memories of Jews and the Holocaust in Postcommunist Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland", in Seymour, David M.; Camino, Mercedes (eds.), The Holocaust in the Twenty-First Century: Contesting/Contested Memories, Taylor & Francis, pp. 138–139, ISBN 9781317299592
  22. Waligórska, Magdalena (1 August 2013), "The Jewish-theme whodunnit in contemporary Poland and Germany", East European Jewish Affairs, 43 (2): 143–161, doi:10.1080/13501674.2013.813129, ISSN 1350-1674
  23. Going to the People: Jews and the Ethnographic Impulse, Halina Goldberg, page 265
  24. https://notesfrompoland.com/2019/12/04/retailer-withdraws-jew-with-a-coin-images-sold-as-good-luck-charms-in-polish-stores/
  25. Souvenir, Talisman, Toy, Krakow Post, 10 September 2013
  26. Popular Images of Jews in Krakow: Folk art or stereotypical caricatures?, Tablet, Dara Bramson, 18 February 2014
  27. At Krakow festival, 'Lucky Jew' character plays on stereotypes to celebrate lost culture, Times of Israel, 28 July 2017
  28. Meet the Canadian Who Wants to be Poland's 'Luckiest Jew', 13 August 2018, Vice
  29. Real, Live, Lucky Jews: A Conversation with FestivALT
  30. Lucky Jew interviews
  31. Jews Have Been Seen as 'All About the Benjamins' for 2,000 Years, New Exhibition Shows, Daniella Peled, Haaretz, 20 March 2019
  32. Daniel Finkelstein: Next time I'm asked how antisemitism started, I'll say 'go to this exhibition', The Times, Daniel Finkelstein, 20 March 2019
  33. Applebaum, Diana (12 June 2019), "Filthy Lucre: A Look at the History of Jews and Money", Mosaic, retrieved 21 June 2019
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