Jessie Oonark

Jessie Oonark, OC RCA ( ᔨᐊᓯ ᐅᓈᖅ; 2 March 1906 – 7 March 1985) was a prolific and influential Canadian Inuit artist of the Utkuhihalingmiut Utkuhiksalingmiut whose wall hangings, prints and drawings are in major collections including the National Gallery of Canada. She was born in 1906 in the Chantrey Inlet (Tariunnuaq) area,[3] near the estuary of the Back River in the Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories[4]:4 (now Nunavut)—the traditional lands of the Utkukhalingmiut Utkukhalingmiut, Utkukhalingmiut (the people of the place where there is soapstone). Her artwork portrays aspects of the traditional hunter-nomadic life that she lived for over five decades, moving from fishing the camp near the mouth of Back River on Chantrey Inlet in the Honoraru[1]:3 area to their caribou hunting camp in the Garry Lake area,[1]:10 living in winter snow houses (igloos) and caribou skin tents in the summer.[5] Oonark learned early how to prepare skins and sew caribou skin clothing. They subsisted mainly on trout (lake trout and Arctic char), whitefish, and barren-ground caribou.[6] The knife used by women, the ulu, their clothing, the kamik, the amauti were recurring themes in her work.[1] Oonark has had a major museum retrospective with accompanying scholarly monograph.[7] Despite a late start – she was 54 years old when her work was first published – she was a very active and prolific artist over the next 19 years, creating a body of work that won considerable critical acclaim and made her one of Canada's best known Inuit artists.

Jessie Oonark

OC RCA
BornApril 1906[1]:5
Chantrey Inlet
Died7 March 1985
Churchill, Manitoba
NationalityCanadian
Known forFirst generation of Inuit artists
Notable work
Woman (1970)
Big Woman[2]
MovementContemporary (post-1949) period of Inuit art
Spouse(s)Qabluunaq, (Kabloona) son of Naatak and Nanuqluq[1]
ChildrenJanet Kigusiuq
Joshuan Nuilaliq
Mamnguqsualuq
Victoria Mamnguqsualuq
Miriam Nanuqluq
Mary Yuusipik
Peggy Gabluunaq
Nancy Pukingnaq
William Noah
Isumataq
Qaqurialuq
Amarouk
Makitgag[1]

Utkuhikhalingmiut

She was a fluent speaker of the Utkuhiksalingmiut language. Utkuhiksalingmiut is a subdialect of Natsilik Netsilik (Natsilik) within the Western Canadian Inuit dialect continuum.[8][9][10] Just as it was true for the art of other first-generation Inuit artists from that area—Luke Anguhadluk and Marion Tuu'luq—Utkuhiksalingmiut oral history and legends were strongly reflected in Jessie's artwork. In later years, in Baker Lake, they became a small minority, and fewer people could speak the language.

Biography

Jessie Oonark's parents were Qiliikvuq and Aghlquarq[4]:4(Aglaguaq).[1]:10 Aglaguaq and his brothers hunted muskox.[1]:10 Oonark's spent most of her time the in Chantrey Inlet where there were lots of fish.[1]:10 The Utkukhalingmiut had many taboos, one of which was the drawing of images. According to Marie Bouchard— a researcher, art historian, and community worker who lived in Baker Lake for many years— "Oonark's grandmother repeatedly warned her that images could come to life in the dark of night."[4]:4 Oonark's mother married Qiqniikpak after the death of Oonark's father. Oonark lived with her mother.[1]:10

The Danish explorer, Knud Rasmussen, crossed the Canadian Arctic by dogsled and visited the Jessie Oonark's camp when she was just a teenager during his Fifth Thule Expedition. Utkuhikhalingmiut represented the first white contact. In the 1980s, Mame Jackson taped Jessie Oonark's description of the encountered broadcast on CBC radio.[11]

Oonark was married at a young age to Qabluunaq, (Kabloona, Kabloonak) the son of Naatak and Nanuqluq from Gjoa Haven.[1][4]:4 Natak joined them in their hunting camp. Although Kabloona was "a good hunter and a respected fur trader", the family was often hungry.[4]:4 Their oldest daughter remembers the periods of hunger. Oonark's mother-in-law, Naatak, would boil a caribou skin into a "broth" in an attempt to appease the hunger. Even in 2007, Baker Lake Inuit kept animal bones for marrow patek.[12]:10

"My grandmother, Natak, was always cooking something. She used to cook caribou skins. She would take hair off the skin and cook it. We would drink the broth. My grandmother used to even cook wolf meat. That was how we survived."

— Janet Kigusiuq to Marie Bouchard

Their first daughter, Janet Kigusiuq, was born at Putuqsuqniq in the Back River area in 1926.[12]:10 She had eleven more children including Joshuan Nuilaliq, Mamnguqsualuq, Victoria Mamnguqsualuq, Miriam Nanuqluq, Mary Yuusipik, Peggy Gabluunaq, Nancy Pukingnaq (born 1940–), William Noah, Isumataq, Qaqurialuq, Amarouk, and Makitgag.[1]:10

In the 1940s, Oonark was assigned a Disc number by the Canadian federal government— E2-384. In the 1940s, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) conducted a census of Inuit populations. They assigned the infamous identification numbering system using discs. These disc numbers were dropped during "Operation Surname" in the 1960s.

In the 1950s there was a slump in the fox fur trade. Sometime around 1953 and 1954, Kabloonak and her four youngest children died of illness[4]:4 in the Garry Lake area when William Noah was still a child and Nancy Pukingrnak was in her early teens and they were still dependent on her. Luke Anguhadluq, camp leader helped her at this time.

Starvation

The annual caribou migration shifted away from the area where they lived, leaving many Inuit to starve. The Back River Inuit, including Oonark and her family, had a hard time during the starvation period of the 1950s.[12]:10 The winter of 1957–1958 was marked by a severe shortage of country food in the Back River area. Oonark and her daughter Nancy Pukingrnak were starving. William Noah walked from their camp to Baker Lake in March to seek help. They were airlifted by the Canadian armed forces to Baker Lake.[13]

Baker Lake

When Oonark first arrived in Baker Lake in 1958 she survived by "cleaning skins for her friend, Sandy Lunan, at the Hudson's Bay Company post, cooking meals, washing dishes and sewing traditional Arctic garments for local sale"[4]:4 and eventually worked as janitor at the Anglican Church.[4]:4 Baker Lake residents "derisively referred to the Back River people as qangmaliqs (the people who only come in to trade) and considered them to be socially backwards.[4]:5

In the 1950s, because of a severe famine in the Keewatin District, many Inuit arrived in Baker Lake. A federal dayschool was opened at Baker Lake in 1957. Pre-fabricated subsidized government housing constructed from the mid-1950s. The Northern Services Officer—Doug Wilkinson— encouraged the development of the arts and crafts industry in Baker Lake. At that time the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources (DIAND) established arts and crafts projects in Inuit hamlets as part of socio-economic development (Goetz, 1985:43).[14]:43 Bill Larmour was the DIAND arts and crafts officer in Baker Lake from 1961 to 1962.

On November 18, 2015, Oonark's 1969 wall hanging depicting a hunting scene, made of duffel, felt and embroidery floss, sold for $70,800, a new record for the Baker Lake artist. The wall hanging was one of 333 pieces of art up for sale, organized by Walker's Fine Art Auctions in Ottawa.[15]

Artistic career

In 1958 after observing school children drawing in Baker Lake, Oonark casually remarked to the school teacher that she could draw better than that.[4]:4 The next summer in 1959, the teacher shared this comment with Canadian Wildlife Service biologist, Dr. Andrew Macpherson, who was in Baker Lake studying Arctic fox. Macpherson gave her coloured pencils and paper,[4]:5 purchased her drawings and brought some of them to Ottawa.[2] Macpherson continued to send her coloured pencils and a drawing pad after his return to Ottawa in the late fall of 1959. In the spring of 1960 Oonark sent him twelve completed drawings in the sketchbook via the Northern Services Officer Tom Butlers.[4]:5[16]:155

Edith Dodds, the wife of the Northern Service Officer, Sam Dodds, sent six of Oonark's drawings to James Archibald Houston at the West Baffin Co-operative in Cape Dorset. Two of her drawings—Inland Eskimo Woman/Eskimo Woman and Tattooed Faces— were made into single colour stone cut prints under the name of Una (Kazan River) at the newly established Cape Dorset print shop and included in the 1960 Cape Dorset print collection and catalogue. A print from her drawing "People of lnland appeared in the 1961 Cape Dorset Print collection. It was the first and only time the Cape Dorset print shop included work from an Inuk outside Cape Dorset.[4]:5[17]

In 1961 William Larmour, crafts officer with the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs established a federal government arts and crafts program with Jessie Oonark as one of their key artists.[4]:5 In 1963 Gabriel Gely developed a printmaking program in Baker Lake.[4]:5 Ten experimental prints were made in 1964 and two of them were based on Oonark's drawings—"Drum Dancer" (1964).[4]:5

Boris Kotelewetz, the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs' arts and crafts officer, who arrived in Baker Lake in March 1966, provided Oonark with studio space and a salary.[4]:5

In 1969 Jack and Sheila Butler were recruited as the new DIAND arts and crafts officers on the advice of George Swinton,[18] artist, academic, collector of Inuit art, author of the influential book entitled Sculpture of the Eskimo.[19] By the time they arrived Oonark was already an accomplished artist.[4]:5 In that year she completed a large applique wallhanging which hangs in the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly's Chamber in Yellowknife.[20]

In 1970 the first Baker Lake Print Collection was released[21] and exhibited at the Art Gallery of Alberta. The stone cut print by Thomas Manik of Oonark's drawing entitled "Woman" (1970) was featured on the cover and her work was prominent in the exhibition.[4]:5[22] She continued to contribute images to the Baker Lake Print collections until 1985.[23]

In 1970, the National Museum of Man in Ottawa organized a touring exhibition of fifty of Oonark's drawings and works by sculptor John Pangnark. It toured major galleries in Canada for eight months.[4]:5 Later that year, Avrom Isaacs featured Inuit artists such as Oonark and Karoo Ashevak in solo exhibitions in 1970 in the Isaacs Innuit Gallery—in the gallery's opening year. Isaacs Innuit Gallery became one of Toronto's most prestigious galleries for over thirty years. It was Oonark's first solo exhibition and in 1971 Isaacs had an exhibition of Oonark's wallhangings.[4]:5

The Baker Lake Sanavik Co-operative was incorporated in 1971. The print-makers who rendered Oonark's drawings into limited edition fine art prints included Thomas Sivuraq. The printing technique in Baker Lake included colour stonecuts, stencil and lithograph on Japanese wove paper. These include the chop for Oonark and Sanavik. In the same year, Oonark received a travel grant from the Canada Council of the Arts to travel to Toronto and Montreal for the opening of the exhibitions of her drawings. The Toronto wall hangings solo-exhibition took place in April at the Innuit Gallery of Eskimo Art. In Montreal, the exhibition was held at the Canadian Guild of Crafts.[16]:155

Oonark's work illustrated a 1972 anthology of Inuit poetry from the circumpolar regions including Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Siberia 1972.[24] In the spring of 1972, Baker Lake print collection is released and it includes five Oonark prints, two of which are based on small wall hangings. The stencil print, Young Woman, is featured on the cover of the catalogue. Later that year, an Oonark wall hanging is commissioned by The Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario, is featured on the cover of their publication, The Business Quarterly.

In May 1975 Oonark was elected a Member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Later that year, the Baker Lake print collection is released featuring 11 Oonark prints, a new record for the artist. By 1976, Oonark is well known in her community. That year, her work was featured on 2 stamps for the United Nations commemorating the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements. The first day of Issue was May 28, 1976.

In 1984 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

In 1986 the Winnipeg Art Gallery mounted a retrospective of her work with a major touring exhibition and catalogue both entitled Jessie Oonark: a Retrospective.[25][26] By 1987 Oonark already has eleven solo exhibitions and more than fifty national and international group exhibitions.[4]:5

In 1998 the Macdonald Stewart Art Centre presented a major exhibition with catalogue entitled Qamanittuaq (Where the River Widens): Drawings by Baker Lake Artists which including first-generation artist Jessie Oonark and the distinctive drawings of four of her children: Janet Kigusiuq, Victoria Mamnguqsualuk, Nancy Pukingrnak, and William Noah among many others.[13]

In 1994 Bernadette Driscoll-Ellgelstad, curated the exhibition entitled Northern Lights: Inuit Textile Art from Arctic Canada which included wall hangings by Jessie Oonark and her daughters, Janet Kigusiuq, Victoria Mamnguqsllaluk, her relatives Ruth Qaulluaryuk and other women from the Back River area along with artists from Baker Lake.[27]

Oonark's influence in Inuit art

In the first generation of Inuit artists working in printmaking, Oonark, together with Pitseolak Ashoona and Kenojuak were recognized quickly as significant figures, receiving solo exhibitions, scholarly attention and professional awards.[7] Rosemary Tovell wrote in the catalogue entitled Baker Lake Prints 1985 that When Oonark died in 1985, the Canadian Eskimo Art Council (CEAC) were quoted as saying that they were pleased with the quality of her last prints and they recognized that "[W]ithout Oonark, Baker Lake as a centre for prints may never have happened. It was largely due to her enormous talent that the world's attention came to the community."[28]

On September 4, 2016, the CBC released an article titled, "Inuit Art Centre to Reveal Beauty of the North in the South" discussing Winnipeg's $65-million centre that will house the world's largest collection of Inuit art. In it, they reference the important role printmaking played, especially for female artists like Oonark, Kenojuak Ashevak and Helen Kalvak, who gravitated towards visual arts, while men focused on stone-carving which required more physical strength.[29]

All her children, Janet Kigusiuq, Victoria Mamnguqsualuq Kayuryuk, Josiah Nuilalik, Nancy Pukirniq, Miriam Qiyuq, Peggy, Mary Yussipik and William Noah are artists.[12]:10

Collections

Oonark's work is in major collections including the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Queen's University, (Kingston, ON), American National Insurance Company, Amon Carter Museum of Western Art (Fort Worth, Texas), Amway Environmental Foundation Collection (Ada, Michigan), Art Gallery of Greater Victoria (Victoria, BC), Art Gallery of Nova Scotia (Halifax, NS), Art Gallery of Ontario (Toronto,ON) Ontario Art Gallery of Windsor, Ontario Art Gallery of York University (Downsview, Ontario), Beaverbrook Art Gallery (Fredericton, NB), Canada Council Art Bank (Ottawa, ON), Canadian Catholic Conference Art Collection (Ottawa, ON), Canadian Guild of Crafts Quebec (Montreal, QC), Canadian Museum of Civilization (Hull, QC), Churchill Community Centre (Churchill, MB), Clifford E. Lee Collection (University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB), Collection of His Holiness John Paul II (Vatican City, Rome, Italy), Collection of the Supreme Patriarch of All Armenia, His Holiness, Catholicos Vazken I, Dennos Museum Center, Northwestern Michigan College (Traverse City, Michigan), Edmonton Art Gallery (Edmonton, AB), Glenbow Museum (Calgary, AB), Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology (Brown University, Bristol, Rhode Island), Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery (Kitchener, ON), Klamer Family Collection, Art Gallery of Ontario (Toronto, ON), Macdonald Stewart Art Centre (Guelph, ON), McMaster University Art Gallery (Hamilton, ON), McMichael Canadian Art Collection (Kleinburg, ON) Ontario Mendel Art Gallery, (Saskatoon, SK), Museé des beaux-arts de Montreal (Montréal, QC), Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia (Vancouver, BC), National Arts Centre (Ottawa, ON), National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa, ON), New Brunswick Museum (Saint John, NB), Owens Art Gallery, Mount Allison University (Sackville, NB), Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre (Yellowknife, NT), Shell Canada Collection (Calgary, AB), Simon Fraser Gallery, Simon Fraser University (Burnaby, BC), University of Alberta (Edmonton, AB), University of Lethbridge Art Gallery (Lethbridge, AB), Alberta Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies (Banff, AB) and the Winnipeg Art Gallery (Winnipeg, MB)[20] and the Hermon Collection of Native American Art at the University of Delaware Art Gallery.[30] Her untitled wall hanging (1973), one of her largest art works, is in the main lobby (foyer) of the National Arts Centre in Ottawa.[31]

Style

"A strong, bold graphic sense informs all of Oonark's work. Traditional dress, women's facial tattoos, and shamanistic themes are common in her art, yet they usually appear as isolated, fragmentary forms, shaped into a graphically bold image rather than a comprehensible narrative. Oonark is also well known as a textile artist, whose wool and felt wall-hangings reveal her as a master of color and form."[32]:420

Themes in her artwork

Oonark's work includes visual puns and shape-shifting,[33] descriptive works depicting clothing, tools and cultural objects of importance to the Utkuhihalingmiut as well as images based on storytelling, legends and shamanism.[1][34]

Visual Puns or Ambiguous images

Mame Jackson, George Swinton and Jean Blodgett noted that Oonark's work reflects a high tolerance for ambiguity, a kind of double vision. For example, her work entitled "Two Fish Looking for Something to Eat" (1978), when viewed as a horizontal image, suggests two swimming fish-like creatures and depicts her version of the cannibal fish legend. When viewed vertically one figure resembles a standing woman whose face fills the amaut. Is she birthing or eating the small blue fish? The fish-figure wearing a man's parka seems to be kiss-touching rather than eating.

Jessie Oonark, although familiar with oral traditions and legends, is never satisfied with a one-layered literal illustration. The horizontal print Two Fish Looking for Something to Eat depicts her version of the cannibal fish story but her double vision leaves room for ambiguity. The cannibal fish also appears in her print "Untitled (Yellow fish)" (1977).

Jessie Oonark's verbal descriptions of her own work are often cryptic,

"These are sea creatures, and they are sort of eating one another. There is a story, and that is it that one whole person along with a qayak was swallowed up by some giant fish or creature or whatever – somewhere near Gjoa Haven or Back River."

— Oonark in Jackson 1983:39
Shamanism

Oonark's father Aglaguaq and her grandfather were said to be shamans.[1]:5 Aglaquarq used his shamanic powers infrequently but Oonark vividly remembered his helping spirit— Uupitanaisuak.[4]:4 Aglaguaq had a daughter who is Oonark's stepsister, Kayuruq. When Janet Kigusiuk was still a baby, Anglican missionaries, Canon James and his Inuk assistant catechist Thomas Tapatai came to Oonark's hunting camp. She adopted the Anglican religion and they gave her a prayer book and a Bible. The arrival of Christian missionaries divided their small camp into two divisions—those who became Christian and those who held onto the old ways.[4]:4 Oonark did not participate in drum dancing nor did she follow the ways of shamanism. However she continued to depict the drum dance and aspects of shamanism in her artwork such as Horned Spirits (1970), Shaman (1970) and The People Within (1970).[1]:10[1]:10[34]

The colour stonecut and stencil print on laid Japanese paper printed by Thomas Sivuraq of a drawing by Jessie Oonark called "A Shaman's Helping Spirits" (1971), in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada depicts a horned shaman, with animal helping spirits and with a small spirit on his head. Oonark's father—Aglaquarq—used his shamanic powers infrequently but Oonark vividly remembered his helping spirit— Uupitanaisuak.[4]:4

" " It was small and wore a baby caribou-skin hat. They asked me if I wanted to have it. I saw it from a distance and it almost came near me, but I didn't want to have a spirit helper."

— Jessie Oonark in Bouochard 1987
Drum Dance

She no longer participated in the drum dance either but she depicted images of the drum dance for example in "Drum Dance" (1970).[1]:14

Shape-shifting was a popular theme seen in Day Spirit (1970).

Inuit storytelling

Oonark's mother and father and her mother-in-law Naatak, (Natak)[12]:10 were storytellers[12]:10 and these stories are richly represented in Oonark's work, such as the 1970 print entitled "Dream of the Bird Woman",[1]:14[35]:105 referring to the Kiviuq (Qiviuk), an Inuk who faced dangerous obstacles in his journeys by kayak, which was described by Franz Boas as the most widely known Inuit legend in the circumpolar region.[36]

Clothing and tools

The knife used by women, the ulu, their clothing, the amauti were recurring themes in her work.[1] People of the Inland (1961) depicts the Back River people.[1]:14 One of her best known works is "Woman" (1970) described as,[37]

"Geometry, abstraction, design and activated symmetry are all combined to bring out the very real image of a woman in her winter dress. The brilliant colours emphasize the contrasting shades of caribou skin, beautifully assembled to form a traditional design on the parka. With this print Oonark set a style for herself to which she has remained true – strong and explicit use of line, an intelligent positioning of mass and daring choice of colour."

— Furneaux and Rosshandler 1974
Birds

Bernadette Driscoll explained the presence of birds— in the drawing and print "Dream of the Bird Woman" and in Oonark's other artworks— demonstrated the "symbolic significance of the importance of birds as a symbol of flight and in several instances as a reference to shamanism as in "Angagkok Conjuring Birds (1979) but also as a harbinger of spring and itself a symbol of fecundity and rebirth."[38]:16

Christianity

Reverend Alan Whitton was the Anglican minister at Saint Aidan's Church, Baker Lake, from 1963 until 1972. During that time his wife Elizabeth Whitton, befriended Oonark. In 1966 Elizabeth organized a sewing projects with Oonark and others where they produced mittens, parkas, slippers, duffle socks as well as appliqued images from scraps for sale. At Easter in 1968 Elizabeth Whitton asked Oonark to do drawings about their church for their local women's auxiliary magazine. Oonark's drawings included depictions of Reverend Whitton, catechist Thomas Tapatai, local Ihuit parishioners including women with traditional Inuit tattoos and the church exterior.[39]:201–2 Oonark continued to use these themes in later work, for example in her 1971–1972 wall hanging for Saint Jude's Cathedra1 in Iqaluit[39]:202 and in a 1971–1972 wall hanging of wool and stroud in the permanent collection of the Art Gallery of Ontario.[39]:205 Oonark described this wall-hanging,[1]:26[39]:206

"I was more thinking of people on the journey and seeing different tribes of different people, sort of walking between the hills or mountains. Those two women on the way back corners have the latest clothes from the Cambridge Bay area, and then next to her is a young one. Every young person seems to have those kind of parkas with a long tail and sort of a straight cut."

— Oonark interviewed by Mame Jackson 1983

In her 1984 essay entitled "Christianity and Inuit Art" and in the 1986 "Jessie Oonark, A Retrospective" Blodgett notes how Oonark blended traditional Inuit clothing and symbols with Christian motifs.[40][41]:85[39]

Later life

Oonark began to experience numbness in her hands and feet and in 1979, when a surgical intervention failed to check the symptoms, she lost much of her manual dexterity and produced only a few more pieces afterwards.[4]:5 Her career had lasted roughly 19 years, but its impact on Inuit art – and on the perception of Inuit art in the larger world – is considerable. She died March 7, 1985 in Churchill, Manitoba.[3] and is buried on Blueberry Hill in Baker Lake.[4]:5[42]

gollark: Ingame.
gollark: How about a 3D-positioned screen which you can look at?
gollark: Overlay glasses can do that.
gollark: Again, if people would be happy with an autocrafting system/item maanager with inventory delivery but no browser access, I have in fact already made one.
gollark: Those are some ridiculously large numbers.

See also
  • Notable Aboriginal people of Canada

Citations
  1. Jackson, Marion E.; Noah (translator, William (April 1983), "Transcripts of interviews with Jessie Oonark and her Children", Inuit Art Section, DIAND, Baker Lake (NC 114 B32 o66 1984), p. 39
  2. Baele, Nancy. "Solo show at new galleries a knockout". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Ontario.
  3. "Collections". National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  4. Bouchard, Marie (Winter 1987), "Old Master: Oonark" (PDF), Inuit Arts Quarterly, 2 (1), pp. 4–5, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-13
  5. "Hayes River Above Chantrey Inlet". uhn.edu. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
  6. "MDMD: ghost twins: Franklin, Kennedy". osdir.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  7. Berlo, Janet (1989), "Inuit Women and Graphic Arts: Female Creativity and its Cultural Context" (PDF), Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 9 (2): 293–315
  8. Dyck, Carrie J.; Briggs, Jean L. (2005), "Historical antecedents of /h/, /s/, /j/ and /ř/ in Utkuhiksalik (Inuktitut)" (PDF), Études/Inuit/Studies, 29 (1–2): 307–340, doi:10.7202/013947ar, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-10
  9. "Tuhaalruuqtut Ancestral Sounds". virtualmuseum.ca. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  10. "Canadian Institute for research on linguistic minorities". Retrieved 1 January 2008.
  11. Jackson, Marion Elizabeth (1985). Baker Lake Inuit drawings : a study in the evolution of artistic self-consciousness (PhD). The University of Michigan.
  12. Fisher, Kyra Vkuiykov (Fall 2007), Mitchell, Marybelle (ed.), "Janet Kigusiuq Uqayuittuq" (PDF), Inuit Art Quarterly, Ottawa, Ontario, 22 Number=3, p. 10, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2015, retrieved 12 January 2014
  13. Nasby, Judith; Noah, William; Jackson, Marion E.; Millar, Peter (1998), "Qamanittuaq (Where the River Widens): Drawings by Baker Lake Artists From the Collection of the Macdonald Stewart Art Centre", Macdonald Stewart Art Centre, Exhibition catalogue, Guelph, archived from the original on 2015-01-13
  14. Geotz (1985), "The role of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs in the development of Inuit art", Canadian Inuit Art Information Centre (DIAND), Unpublished manuscript, Hull, Quebec
  15. "'Great, famous, rare, iconic': Kenojuak Ashevak print nets record-breaking price". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  16. Bell, Elizabeth (September 1971), "Eskimo Art is for Kabloona" (PDF), Arctic, 24 (3): 154–56, doi:10.14430/arctic3129, retrieved 12 January 2015Bell was Liaison Officer, Man in the North Project, The Arctic Institute of North America (AINA)
  17. Alsop, Jennifer (1 May 2010), The History of Baker Lake (Sanavik) Co-operative (PDF), retrieved 10 January 2015 SERNNoCA Researcher in coordination with Dr. Ian McPherson, University of Victoria
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  19. Swinton, George (1972), Sculpture of the Eskimo, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, p. 255
  20. Griffiths, Simon (2005), "Jessie Oonark (Una, Unaaq)", ABoriginArt Galleries, Vancouver, BC, archived from the original on 15 January 2015, retrieved 14 January 2015 Commercial internet-based Inuit and First Nations art gallery
  21. "The Arts". Baker Lake Arts. Hamlet of Baker Lake. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  22. "Shaman". Inuit Artists Print Database. National Gallery of Canada, Library and Archives. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  23. "OONARK, Jessie". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Concordia University. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  24. Lewis, Richard, ed. (1971), I Breathe a New Song: Poems of the EskimoWith an introduction by Edmund Carpenter
  25. Enright, Robert (Winter 1987), "The Art of Jessie Oonark" (PDF), Inuit Arts Quarterly, 2 (1), pp. 1, 3–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2015, retrieved 12 January 2015
  26. Blodgett, Jean; Bouchard, Marie (1986), "Jessie Oonark, A Retrospective", Winnipeg Art Gallery, Exhibition catalogue, Winnipeg, p. 148
  27. Driscoll-Ellgelstad, Bernadette (Summer 1994), "A Woman's Vision" (PDF), Inuit Art Quarterly, 9 (2), archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2015, retrieved 10 January 2015
  28. Tovell, Rosemary (1985), Baker Lake Prints 1985
  29. "Inuit Art Centre to reveal beauty of the North in the south". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  30. Nasby, Judith (Fall 2001), "The Storyteller's Hand: Canadian Inuit Drawings from the Collection of Frederick and Lucy S. Herman" (PDF), Inuit Art Quarterly, 16 (3), pp. 22–23, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2016, retrieved 10 January 2015
  31. "Jessie Oonark Tapestry", National Arts Centre, May 2013, retrieved 10 January 2015
  32. Berlo, Janet Catherine (1995), Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (eds.), Jessie Oonark, North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary, pp. 420–1, ISBN 9781135638825
  33. Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen (1999), "Shape-Shifting and Other Points of Convergence: Inuit Art and Digital Technologies", Art Libraries Journal, London, UK: Art Libraries Society (ARLIS), 24 (3): 38–41, doi:10.1017/S0307472200019623
  34. Blodgett, Jean (1979), "The Coming and Going of the Shaman: Eskimo Shamanism and Art", Winnipeg Art Gallery, Exhibition catalogue, p. 246, ISBN 0889150680
  35. Driscoll, Bernadette, Inuit Amautik
  36. Boas, Franz (January–March 1904), "The Folk-Lore of the Eskimo", The Journal of American Folklore, 17 (64), pp. 1–13, retrieved 12 January 2014
  37. Furneaux, Patrick; Rosshandler, Leo (1974), Roch, Ernst (ed.), Arts of the Eskimo: Prints, pp. 196–7
  38. Driscoll, Bernadette (Fall 1984), "Tattoos, Hairsticks and Ulus: The Graphic Art of Jessie Oonark", Arts Manitoba, 3 (4), pp. 13–20
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  40. Blodgett, Jean (Fall 1984), "Christianity and Inuit Art", Beaver, 3, pp. 16–25ASTIS record 15820
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