Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville

Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard (13 September 1803, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle – 17 March 1847, Vanves), generally known by the pseudonym of Jean-Jacques or J. J. Grandville, was a French caricaturist.

Portrait of Grandville by Émile Lassalle (1840)
Illustration by Grandville from Un Autre Monde[1]

Life and work

He was born at Nancy, in northeastern France, to an artistic and theatrical family. The name "Grandville" was his grandparents' professional stage name. Grandville received his first instruction in drawing from his father, a painter of miniatures. At the age of twenty-one he moved to Paris, and soon afterwards published a collection of lithographs entitled Les Tribulations de la petite proprieté. He followed this with Les Plaisirs de tout âge and La Sibylle des salons (1827); but the work which first established his fame was Les Métamorphoses du jour (1828–29), a series of seventy scenes in which individuals with the bodies of men and faces of animals are made to play a human comedy. These drawings are remarkable for the extraordinary skill with which human characteristics are represented in animal facial features.

Grandville's "metamorphoses" were highly influential to fantastic illustration
Scènes de la vie privée et publique des animaux[2] used as tarot card

The success of this work led to his being engaged as artistic contributor to various periodicals, such as La Silhouette, L'Artiste, La Caricature, Le Charivari; and his political caricatures which were characterized by marvelous fertility of satirical humour, soon came to enjoy a general popularity.

After the reinstitution of prior censorship of caricature in 1835, Grandville turned almost exclusively to book illustration, supplying illustrations for various standard works, such as the songs of Béranger, the fables of La Fontaine, Don Quixote, Gulliver's Travels, Robinson Crusoe. He also continued to issue various lithographic collections, among which may be mentioned La Vie privée et publique des animaux,[2] Les Cent Proverbes, Un Autre Monde[1] and Les Fleurs animées.

Though the designs of Grandville are occasionally unnatural and absurd, they usually display keen analysis of character and marvellous inventive ingenuity, and his humour is always tempered and refined by delicacy of sentiment and a vein of sober thoughtfulness. He died on 17 March 1847 and is buried in the Cimetière Nord of Saint-Mandé just outside Paris.

A short notice of Grandville appears in Théophile Gautier's Portraits contemporains. See also Charles Blanc, Grandville (Paris, 1855).

Legacy

Grandville's ability for political provocation made his work much in demand. He worked in a wide variety of formats, from his first job illustrating the parlor game Old Maid, to illustrated newspaper strips of which he was a master. His illustrations for Le Diable à Paris ("The Devil In Paris"; 1844–46) were used by Walter Benjamin for his study of that city as an urban organism. One of Grandville's supreme achievements, at a time when French printing technology was ascendant, was Les Fleurs Animées, a series of images that are both poetic and satirical. But perhaps his most original contribution to the illustrated book form was Un Autre Monde,[1] which approaches the status of pure surrealism, despite being conceived in a pre-Freudian age. Leading members of the Surrealist movement such as André Breton and Georges Bataille recognised in Grandville a significant precursor and inspiration for the movement.

Juggler of Universes from Un Autre Monde[1]

British rock band Queen used part of his artwork for their 1991 album Innuendo and alternate pieces for most of the subsequent single releases: the album's title track, "I'm Going Slightly Mad", "These Are the Days of Our Lives" and "The Show Must Go On". The single "Headlong" also featured one of Grandville's characters on the back of the sleeve and as the basis for a picture disc release.

His style and humour had a marked influence on John Tenniel and various other Punch-cartoonists.

American grunge band Alice in Chains used part of Grandville's artwork for their self-titled 1995 album.

The graphic novel Grandville by Bryan Talbot was greatly inspired by Grandville's illustrations.

Grandville's art is used extensively in the video game Aviary Attorney, which is set during a fictionalized version of the French Revolution of 1848.

  • "Une promenade dans le ciel", Le Magasin pittoresque (1847).
  • "Digestion du Budjet travail administratif, politique, moral et surtout économique", La Caricature
  • "Cent Proverbes/Les Proverbes vengés"
  • Illustration for "Le corbeau et le renard"
  • Order reigns in Warsaw, cartoon evoking the repression of the November Uprising
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References
  1. J.J. Grandville (1844). Un autre monde. H. Fournier, Paris.
  2. Scènes de la vie privée et publique des animaux. Vignettes par Grandville. Études de moeurs contemporaines par De Balzac [et al.] [Publiées sous la direction de P.J. Stahl]. 1840–41.vol.1 and vol.2 of original edition
  • Appelbaum, Stanley (1987) [1974]. Bizarreries & fantasies of Grandville. Dover (reprint). ISBN 0-486-22991-2. 266 illustrations from Un autre mode and Les animaux.
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