Jansky

The jansky (symbol Jy, plural janskys) is a non-SI unit of spectral flux density,[1] or spectral irradiance, used especially in radio astronomy. It is equivalent to 10⁻²⁶ watts per square metre per hertz.

For other uses, see Jansky (disambiguation).

The flux density or monochromatic flux, S, of a source is the integral of the spectral radiance, B, over the source solid angle:

${\displaystyle S=\iint \limits _{\text{source}}B(\theta ,\phi )\,\mathrm {d} \Omega .}$

The unit is named after pioneering US radio astronomer Karl Guthe Jansky and is defined as

${\displaystyle 1~{\text{Jy}}=10^{-26}~{\text{W}}\cdot {\text{m}}^{-2}\cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1}}$ (SI)[2]

${\displaystyle 1~{\text{Jy}}=10^{-23}~{\text{erg}}\cdot {\text{s}}^{-1}\cdot {\text{cm}}^{-2}\cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1}}$ (cgs).

Since the jansky is obtained by integrating over the whole source solid angle, it is most simply used to describe point sources; for example, the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources (3C) reports results in janskys.

• For extended sources, the surface brightness is often described with units of janskys per solid angle; for example, far-infrared (FIR) maps from the IRAS satellite are in megajanskys per steradian (MJy·sr⁻¹).
• Although extended sources at all wavelengths can be reported with these units, for radio-frequency maps, extended sources have traditionally been described in terms of a brightness temperature; for example the Haslam et al. 408 MHz all-sky continuum survey is reported in terms of a brightness temperature in kelvin.

Unit conversions

Jansky units are not a standard SI unit, so it may be necessary to convert the measurements made in the unit to the SI equivalent in terms of watts per square metre per hertz (W·m⁻²·Hz⁻¹). However, other unit conversions are possible with respect to measuring this unit.

AB magnitude

The flux density in janskys can be converted to a magnitude basis, for suitable assumptions about the spectrum. For instance, converting an AB magnitude to a flux density in microjanskys is straightforward:[3]

${\displaystyle S_{v}~[\mu {\text{Jy}}]=10^{6}\cdot 10^{23}\cdot 10^{-{\tfrac {{\text{AB}}+48.6}{2.5}}}=10^{\tfrac {23.9-{\text{AB}}}{2.5}}.}$

dBW·m⁻²·Hz⁻¹

The linear flux density in janskys can be converted to a decibel basis, suitable for use in fields of telecommunication and radio engineering.

1 jansky is equal to −260 dBW·m⁻²·Hz⁻¹, or −230 dBm·m⁻²·Hz⁻¹:[4]

${\displaystyle P_{{\text{dBW}}\cdot {\text{m}}^{-2}\cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1}}=10\log _{10}\left(P_{\text{Jy}}\right)-260,}$

${\displaystyle P_{{\text{dBm}}\cdot {\text{m}}^{-2}\cdot {\text{Hz}}^{-1}}=10\log _{10}\left(P_{\text{Jy}}\right)-230.}$

Temperature Units

The flux density in Janskys can be converted to the Rayleigh-Jeans, or Brightness Temperature, useful in radio and microwave astronomy.

Starting with Planck's Law, we see

${\displaystyle I_{\nu }={\frac {2h\nu ^{3}}{c^{2}}}{\frac {1}{e^{\frac {h\nu }{kT}}-1}}.}$

In the low frequency, high temperature regime, when ${\displaystyle h\nu \ll kT}$, we can use the Rayleigh-Jeans law, giving the approximation,

${\displaystyle I_{\nu }={\frac {2\nu ^{2}kT}{c^{2}}}.}$

Solving for ${\displaystyle T}$, we find the brightness temperature to be

${\displaystyle T_{b}={\frac {I_{\nu }c^{2}}{2k\nu ^{2}}}.}$

Usage

The flux to which the jansky refers can be in any form of energy.

It was created for and is still most frequently used in reference to electromagnetic energy, especially in the context of radio astronomy.

The brightest astronomical radio sources have flux densities of the order of 1–100 janskys. For example, the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources lists some 300 to 400 radio sources in the Northern Hemisphere brighter than 9 Jy at 159 MHz. This range makes the jansky a suitable unit for radio astronomy.

Gravitational waves also carry energy, so their flux density can also be expressed in terms of janskys. Typical signals on Earth are expected to be 10²⁰ Jy or more.[5] However, because of the poor coupling of gravitational waves to matter, such signals are difficult to detect.

When measuring broadband continuum emissions, where the energy is roughly evenly distributed across the detector bandwidth, the detected signal will increase in proportion to the bandwidth of the detector (as opposed to signals with bandwidth narrower than the detector bandpass). To calculate the flux density in janskys, the total power detected (in watts) is divided by the receiver collecting area (in square meters), and then divided by the detector bandwidth (in hertz). The flux density of astronomical sources is many orders of magnitude below 1 W·m⁻²·Hz⁻¹, so the result is multiplied by 10²⁶ to get a more appropriate unit for natural astrophysical phenomena.[6]

The millijansky, mJy, was sometimes referred to as a milli-flux unit (mfu) in older astronomical literature.[7]

Orders of magnitude

Value (Jy)	Source
110000000	Radio-frequency interference from a GSM telephone transmitting 0.5 W at 1.8 GHz at a distance of 1 km (RSSI of −70 dBm)[8]
20000000	Disturbed Sun at 20 MHz (Karl Guthe Jansky's initial discovery, published in 1933)
4000000	Sun at 10 GHz
1600000	Sun at 1.4 GHz
1000000	Milky Way at 20 MHz
10000	1 Solar flux unit
2000	Milky Way at 10 GHz
1000	Quiet Sun at 20 MHz

Note: Unless noted, all values are as seen from the Earth's surface.[9]

References

1. "International Astronomical Union | IAU". www.iau.org.
2. Burke, Bernard F.; Graham-Smith, Francis (2009). An Introduction to Radio Astronomy (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-87808-1.
3. Fukugita, M.; Shimasaku, K.; Ichikawa, T. (1995). "Galaxy Colors in Various Photometric Band Systems". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 107: 945–958. Bibcode:1995PASP..107..945F. doi:10.1086/133643.
4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Schutz, Bernard F. (4 March 2009). "Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology with Gravitational Waves". Living Reviews in Relativity. 12 (1): 2. arXiv:0903.0338. Bibcode:2009LRR....12....2S. doi:10.12942/lrr-2009-2. PMC 5255530. PMID 28163611.
6. Ask SETI (4 December 2004). "Research: Understanding the Jansky". SETI League. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
7. Ross, H.N. (1975). "Variable radio source structure on a scale of several minutes of arc". The Astrophysical Journal. 200: 790. Bibcode:1975ApJ...200..790R. doi:10.1086/153851.
8. "Data". iucaf.org. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
9. Kraus, John Daniel. Radio Astronomy. Table: Radio spectrum of astronomical sources. ISBN 1882484002. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.