Janibacter

Janibacter is a genus of Gram positive, nonmotile, non-sporeforming bacteria. The genus name is derived from the two-faced Roman god Janus, referring to the fact that the cells of the original strain could be rod-shaped or coccoid.

Janibacter
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinomycetales
Family:	Intrasporangiaceae
Genus:	Janibacter Martin 1997
Species
J. alkaliphilus J. anophelis J. corallicola J. cremeus J. hoylei J. indicus J. limosus J. massiliensis[1] J. melonis J. terrae

The type species of the genus, Janibacter limosus, was originally isolated from sludge from a wastewater treatment plant.[2] Other species have been isolated from an air sample, a melon, the midgut of mosquitoes, coral, sea sediment, and hydrothermal sediment.[3] Janibacter brevis was originally classified as a separate species, but was later found to be a heterotypic synonym of J. terrae.[4][5]

Colonies formed on agar by members of this genus are usually cream, white, or yellow pigmented.[6][3] The optimum temperature for most Janibacter species is 28 °C. The lowest temperature required for growth in the genus is 4 °C (J. terrae, J. anophelis, J. limosus), and the highest is 45 °C (J. terrae, J. anophelis, J. corallicola). The pH optimum is commonly between 7.0-9.0, with some species capable of growing at 5.0-12.0. All species can tolerate NaCl salt concentrations up to 7%, but J. alkaliphilus can tolerate concentrations of 17%.[3] J. hoylei, which was recovered from high altitude air samples, is the most UV resistant.[7]

Janibacter species have been implicated in multiple cases of human infection, although most cases appeared to be opportunistic infections.[8] An unnamed Janibacter species caused an infection in a man with acute myeloid leukemia after receiving a bone marrow transplant.[9] J. melonis infected a man's face after being bitten by an unknown insect.[10] J. terrae infected four immunocompromised patients, resulting in two deaths,[11] and also caused a psoas abscess that was difficult to diagnose due to the infequency of Janibacter infections.[12] An 8 week old infant was found to be infected with J. hoylei, but was successfully treated with vancomycin.[8] J. massiliensis was isolated from the vaginal discharge of a woman with bacterial vaginosis.[1]

References

1. Maaloum, Mossaab; Diop, Khoudia; Diop, Awa; Anani, Hussein; Tomei, Enora; Richez, Magali; Rathored, Jaishriram; Bretelle, Florence; Raoult, Didier; Fenollar, Florence; Fournier, Pierre-Edouard (23 February 2019). "Description of Janibacter massiliensis sp. nov., cultured from the vaginal discharge of a patient with bacterial vaginosis". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 112 (8): 1147–1159. doi:10.1007/s10482-019-01247-x.
2. Martin, K; Schumann, P; Rainey, F. A; Schuetze, B; Groth, I (1997). "Janibacter limosus gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Actinomycete with meso-Diaminopimelic Acid in the Cell Wall". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (2): 529. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-529. PMID 9103644.
3. Zhang, G; Ren, H; Wang, S; Chen, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y; Jiang, Y (2014). "Janibacter indicus sp. nov., isolated from hydrothermal sediment of the Indian Ocean". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64 (Pt 7): 2353–7. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.059527-0. PMID 24744020.
4. Kuraishi, H; Imamura, Y; Ikeda, M; Yoshida, S (1 September 2000). "Janibacter brevis sp. nov., a new trichloroethylene-degrading bacterium isolated from polluted environments". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (5): 1899–1903. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-5-1899.
5. Lang, E. (1 November 2003). "Emended description of Janibacter terrae, including ten dibenzofuran-degrading strains and Janibacter brevis as its later heterotypic synonym". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (6): 1999–2005. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02602-0.
6. Kageyama, Akiko; Takahashi, Yoko; Yasumoto-Hirose, Mina; Kasai, Hiroaki; Shizuri, Yoshikazu; Omura, Satoshi (2007). "Janibacter corallicola sp. nov., isolated from coral in Palau". The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 53 (3): 185–189. doi:10.2323/jgam.53.185.
7. Shivaji, S.; Chaturvedi, P.; Begum, Z.; Pindi, P. K.; Manorama, R.; Padmanaban, D. A.; Shouche, Y. S.; Pawar, S.; Vaishampayan, P.; Dutt, C. B. S.; Datta, G. N.; Manchanda, R. K.; Rao, U. R.; Bhargava, P. M.; Narlikar, J. V. (30 July 2009). "Janibacter hoylei sp. nov., Bacillus isronensis sp. nov. and Bacillus aryabhattai sp. nov., isolated from cryotubes used for collecting air from the upper atmosphere". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (12): 2977–2986. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.002527-0.
8. Lim, Yong Kwan; Kweon, Oh Joo; Kim, Hye Ryoun; Kim, Tae Hyoung; Lee, Mi-Kyung (July 2017). "First case of bacteremia caused by Janibacter hoylei". APMIS. 125 (7): 665–668. doi:10.1111/apm.12693. PMC 7159562.
9. Loubinoux, J.; Rio, B.; Mihaila, L.; Fois, E.; Le Fleche, A.; Grimont, P. A. D.; Marie, J.-P.; Bouvet, A. (6 July 2005). "Bacteremia Caused by an Undescribed Species of Janibacter". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (7): 3564–3566. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.7.3564-3566.2005.
10. Elsayed, S.; Zhang, K. (6 July 2005). "Bacteremia Caused by Janibacter melonis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (7): 3537–3539. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.7.3537-3539.2005.
11. Fernández-Natal, M. I.; Sáez-Nieto, J. A.; Medina-Pascual, M. J.; Valdezate-Ramos, S.; Guerra-Laso, J. M.; Rodríguez-Pollán, R. H.; Soriano, F. (19 August 2014). "First report of bacteremia by Janibacter terrae in humans". Infection. 43 (1): 103–106. doi:10.1007/s15010-014-0672-7.
12. Wan, Wei Yee; Mughal, Ahsan; Ward, Kelly (19 October 2016). "Bilateral psoas abscess caused by Janibacter terrae, an unusual condition and organism resulting in laboratory and management conundrums". Acta Clinica Belgica. 72 (5): 336–339. doi:10.1080/17843286.2016.1245937.