James Ewing (pathologist)

James Stephen Ewing (/ˈjuːɪŋ/) (December 25, 1866, Pittsburgh – May 16, 1943, New York City) was an American pathologist. He was the first Professor of pathology at Cornell University and became famous with the discovery of a form of malignant bone tumor that later became known as Ewing's sarcoma.

James Ewing

Life

James Ewing, was born in 1866 to a prominent family of Pittsburgh. When he was 14 he was diagnosed with osteomyelitis and was bedridden for two years.[1] He first completed his B.A. in 1888 at Amherst College and then studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from 1888 to 1891.[2] He returned to the College of Physicians and Surgeons as instructor in histology (1893-1897), and clinical pathology (1897-1898). After a brief stint as a surgeon with the US Army, Ewing was appointed in 1899 the first professor of clinical pathology at the newly formed Medical College of Cornell University in New York, where he was the only full-time professor.[2][3][4] In 1902, Ewing helped to establish one of the first funds for cancer research, endowed by Mrs. Collis P. Huntington.[3] With his discoveries using that research funding, Ewing became the most important experimental oncologist and helped to found, in 1907, the American Association for Cancer Research, and in 1913, the American Society for the Control of Cancer, now the American Cancer Society.[2][3] In 1906 Ewing, working with S.P. Beebe and collaborators, proved for the first time that a cancer (canine transmissible venereal tumor in dogs) could be transmitted from one animal to another.[2][5][6]

In 1910, Ewing had approached New York Hospital about establishing a clinical research facility; when this fell through, he established a collaboration with Memorial Hospital (which would become Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center) with the help of industrialist and philanthropist James Douglas, who gave $100,000 to endow twenty beds for clinical research, equipment for working with radium, and a clinical laboratory to Memorial for that purpose.[3] Douglas' enthusiasm and funding for development of radiation therapy for cancer inspired Ewing to become one of the pioneers in developing this treatment.[3] Ewing soon took over effective leadership of clinical and laboratory research at Memorial.[3]

In 1919 Ewing published the first edition of Neoplastic Diseases: A Text-Book on Tumors.[7] The book, which is translated into numerous languages, becomes a cornerstone of modern oncology by establishing a systematic and comprehensive basis for diagnosing human cancer.[3] In 1921 he published his first work on a new kind of malignant osteoma (cancer of the bone), which later received his name: Ewing's sarcoma.[2][8][9]

In 1931 Ewing was formally appointed president of the hospital[2] and was featured on the cover of Time Magazine as "Cancer Man Ewing";[10] the accompanying article described his role as one of the most important cancer doctors of his era.[11] He worked at the Memorial until his retirement, in 1939.[2]

Under his leadership, Memorial became a model for other cancer centers in the United States, combining patient care with clinical and laboratory research,[12] and it was said of him that "The relationship of Ewing to the Memorial Hospital can best be expressed in the words of Emerson, 'Every institution is but the lengthening shadow of some man.' Dr. Ewing is the Memorial Hospital".[3]

In 1951, The James Ewing Hospital, a 12-story building on First Avenue between 67th and 68th Streets, opened; it was intended to treat cancer among New York City's poor.[13]

Bibliography

A collection of his correspondence is held at the National Library of Medicine.[14]

  • Zantinga, AR; Coppes, MJ: James Ewing (1866-1943): "the chief". Medical and Pediatric Oncology, New York, 1993, 21 (7): 505-510.
  • Huvos, AG: James Ewing: cancer man. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, April 1998, 2 (2): 146-148.
  • Ewing, J: Clinical pathology of Blood: A Treatise on the General Principles and Special Applications of Hematology. Philadelphia and New York, 1901.
  • Ewing, J: Neoplastic Diseases: A Textbook on Tumors. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, and London, 1919. Fourth edition 1940.
  • Ewing, J: Causation, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer. Baltimore, 1931.
  • Ewing, J: Blood. Philadelphia. 1910.
gollark: I found GCSE economics ridiculous and boring.
gollark: Or were, I think many stopped when going to Y13.
gollark: Aside from the FM people there are only about 4 doing it at my school.
gollark: Anyway, I think 4 A levels is quite hard generally.
gollark: Oh, I get it.

References
  1. Simon Cotterill for Cancer Index. About James Ewing, 1866 - 1943 Last modified: 16/03/99
  2. Brand, RA (Mar 2012). "Biographical sketch: James Stephen Ewing, MD (1844-1943)". Clin Orthop Relat Res. 470 (3): 639–41. doi:10.1007/s11999-011-2234-y. PMC 3270161. PMID 22207564.
  3. James B. Murphy James Ewing Biographical Memoir National Academy of Sciences Washington D.C., 1951.
  4. The Register (Volumes 15-18 ed.). Cornell University. 1915. p. 110.
  5. Ewing, James & Beebe, S. P. (1906). A study of the so-called infectious lympho-sarcoma of dogs. Journal of Med. Research. 10:209.
  6. Beebe, S. P., and James Ewing. (1906). "A study of the biology of tumour cells. "The British Medical Journal": 1559-1560.
  7. Ewing, James. (1919). Neoplastic Diseases: A Textbook on Tumors. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, and London. Fourth edition 1940.
  8. Ewing, James. (1922). Neoplastic diseases: a treatise on tumors. WB Saunders Company.
  9. Pritchard, J. E. (1927). "EWING'S SARCOMA: A REPORT OF A CASE". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 17 (10): 1164.
  10. Time Magazine Cover, January 12, 1931
  11. Cancer Crusade. Jan 12, 1931. Time Magazine 17(2):26
  12. Wilkins, Sam A. Jr. (25 Feb 1970). "James Ewing Society, 1940-1969: Presidential Address" (PDF). Cancer. 25 (2): 321–323. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197002)25:2<321::AID-CNCR2820250207>3.0.CO;2-R. PMID 4905156.
  13. New developments in cancer, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 1, Issue 2, pages 64–67, January 1951.
  14. Manuscripts at NLM
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