James Clinton

Major General James Clinton (August 9, 1736 – September 22, 1812) was an American Revolutionary War officer who, with John Sullivan, led the Sullivan Expedition. He obtained the rank of brevet major general.[1]

For other people named James Clinton, see James Clinton (disambiguation).
James Clinton
1861 sketch of Clinton
Born(1736-08-09)August 9, 1736
Little Britain, Province of New York
DiedSeptember 22, 1812(1812-09-22) (aged 76)
Little Britain, New York, United States
Spouse(s)
Mary DeWitt
​
(
m. 1765; died 1795)

Mary Gray
Children13, including DeWitt, George, James
Parent(s)Col. Charles Clinton
Elizabeth Denniston
RelativesGeorge Clinton (brother)
William W Clinton (great-grandfather)
James Clinton (grandfather)
George W. Clinton (grandson)
Ambrose Spencer (son-in-law)

Early life
Coat of Arms of James Clinton

Clinton was born in Ulster County in the colony of New York, at Little Britain in the town of New Windsor, now part of Orange County, New York. He was the third son of Col. Charles Clinton, an Anglo-Irish colonist and a colonel in the French and Indian War who emigrated to New Ulster in 1729,[2] and Elizabeth Denniston.[3][4]

He was the brother of George Clinton, Governor of New York from 1777 to 1795 and U.S. Vice President from 1805 to 1812,[5] the grandson of James Clinton (d. 1718), and the great-grandson of William Clinton (1614–1684), a royalist officer in the army of Charles I of England.[6]

Career

French and Indian War
Monument at the site of Gen. Clinton's dam at the source of the Susquehanna River on Otsego Lake in Cooperstown, New York

James Clinton's military experience began in the French and Indian War, where he served in the provincial troops of New York. He was commissioned an ensign in 1757 and achieved the rank of captain in the New York Regiment in 1759.[7][8] In 1758, commanding a company, he participated, along with his father (Colonel) and brother George (Lieutenant), in General John Bradstreet’s capture of Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). He and his brother played a key role in capturing a French vessel.[9]

James remained in the army, stationed at various frontier posts. In 1763 he raised and commanded a corps of two hundred men, who were designated as "Guards of the Frontier". After the war he retired and married Mary De Witt.[1]

American Revolutionary War

A month after the first open armed conflict in Lexington, the Continental Congress resolved on May 25, 1775 to build fortifications in the Hudson highlands for the purpose of protecting and maintaining control of the Hudson River. James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. Clinton was commissioned as the colonel of the 3rd New York Regiment, which took part in Brig. Gen. Richard Montgomery’s unsuccessful expedition to Quebec in 1775. In March 1776, Clinton took command of the 2nd New York Regiment and soon after, in August, was promoted to brigadier general in the Continental Army.

He served most of the war in the Northern Department, along the New York frontier.[10] During the Saratoga Campaign in 1777, he commanded Fort Clinton in the Hudson Highlands. He participated in a successful effort to prevent British General Sir Henry Clinton from rescuing General John Burgoyne at Saratoga, but he and his troops were unable to hold Forts Clinton and Montgomery. Clinton sustained a bayonet wound in the leg during the assault.[11] In 1778 he was stationed in Albany to oppose Indian and Tory forces.[12]

Plaque on the Monument at the site of Gen. Clinton's dam

In 1779, Clinton led an expedition down the Susquehanna River after making the upper portion navigable by damming up the river's source at Otsego Lake, allowing the lake's level to rise, and then destroying the dam and flooding the river for miles downstream. This event is described by James Fenimore Cooper in the introduction to his popular novel The Pioneers, and commemorated by a Memorial Day canoe race.

At Tioga, New York, Clinton met up with General John Sullivan's forces, who had marched from Easton, Pennsylvania. Together, on August 29, they defeated the Tories and Indians at the Battle of Newtown (near today's city of Elmira, New York). This became known as the "Sullivan-Clinton Campaign" or the "Sullivan Expedition."

In 1780, Clinton temporarily commanded the Northern Department. By October 1781, his brigade had joined George Washington's army in the siege of Yorktown.

Post-war years

After he left the army, Clinton served on the commission defining the New York-Pennsylvania boundary.[10] In 1783 General Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. He also served as an assemblyman in the New York State legislature from 1787-1788 and again from 1800-1801, and as a New York State Senator from 1788-1792.[13]

Personal life

On February 18, 1765, James Clinton married his first wife, Mary DeWitt (1737–1795), the only daughter of Egbert DeWitt, members of an old Dutch family. They had seven children, including:[14]

  • Alexander Clinton (1765–1787), who served in Colonel Lamb's regiment during the Revolution and drowned in the Hudson river
  • Charles Clinton (1767–1829), who married Elizabeth Mulliner (1770–1865)
  • DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), later also a Governor of New York
  • George Clinton, Jr. (1771–1809), who served in Congress
  • Mary Clinton (1773–1808), who married Robert Burrage Norton. After his death, she married Judge Ambrose Spencer (1765–1848)
  • Elizabeth Clinton (1776–1832), who married William Stuart
  • Katharine Clinton (1778–1837), who married Samuel Lake Norton, brother to her sister Mary's husband. After his death, she married Ambrose Spencer, her sister's widower

His second wife was Mary (née Little) Gray (1768–1835), the widow of Alexander Gray (1762–1795) who was born in Ireland. Together, James and Mary were the parents of six children:[14]

  • James G. Clinton, who died young.
  • Caroline Hannah Clinton (1800–1864), who married Charles Augustus Dewey (1793–1866), an Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
  • Emma Little Clinton (1802–1823), who died unmarried
  • James Graham Clinton (1804–1849), who married Margaret Ellsworth Conger and served in Congress.[15]
  • Letitia Clinton (1806–1842), who married Dr. Francis Bolton (1804–1849)
  • Anna Clinton (1809–1833), who married Lt. Edward Ross

Clinton died in Little Britain, New York, on September 22, 1812, the same year as his brother George.[14]

Descendants

Through his son DeWitt, he was the grandfather of ten, including George William Clinton (1807–1885) who served as Mayor of Buffalo, New York from 1842 to 1843. Through his son George, he was the grandfather of three.[16]

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References
Notes
  1. Moore, Charles B., "Introductory Sketch to the History of the Clinton Family", The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, (Richard Henry Greene at al, eds.), New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, 1880
  2. Murphy, Victor (2015). A History of Corboy Presbyterian Church and School. Longford. pp. 13–28.
  3. Campbell, William W. (1849), The Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton, Baker and Scribner, pp. x–xiv, retrieved 2008-02-09
  4. Gorse, C.A., "Town of New Windsor", The History of Orange County, (Russel Headley, ed.), Van Deusen and Elms, Middletown, New York, 1908
  5. George Clinton: Yeoman Politician of the New Republic by John P. Kaminski, New York State Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, University of Wisconsin--Madison Center for the Study of the American Constitution (Rowman & Littlefield, 1993, ISBN 0-945612-17-6, ISBN 978-0-945612-17-9, page 24)
  6. Johnson's (revised) Universal Cyclopaedia
  7. Campbell, William W., Lecture on the Life and Military Services of General James Clinton, 1839, p. 8
  8. "Muster Rolls of New York Provincial Troops, 1755-1764." Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1891. New York: New York Historical Society, p. 521.
  9. Campbell, 1849, pp.xv–xvii.
  10. "Brigadier General James Clinton", Yorktown Battlefield, National Park Service
  11. Sullivan Clinton Campaign 1779-1979; A Bicentennial Commemorative. Chemung County Historical Society, Inc., Elmira, New York. pub. 1979.
  12. Sullivan Campaign of the Revolutionary War: The Impact on Livingston County
  13. "The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians".
  14. Bergen, Tunis Garret (1915). Genealogies of the State of New York: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  15. "CLINTON, James Graham - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  16. William Smith Pelletreau, Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Family History of New York, Volume 3, 1907, page 183
Sources
  • Campbell, William W., The Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton, Baker and Scribner, 1849
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