Jam Nizamuddin II
Jám Nizámuddín II (Sindhi: ڄام نظام الدين ثاني, Urdu: جام نظام الدين ثاني; 1439–1509), also known as Jam Nizam al-Din or Jám Nindó (Sindhi: ڄام نندو), was the Rajput Sultan of Sindh between 1461 and 1508 CE. He was the most famous ruler of the Samma dynasty, which ruled Sindh, parts of Punjab and Balochistan from 1351 to 1551 CE. His capital was Thatta in modern-day southern Pakistan. The Samma dynasty reached the height of its power during the reign of Nizamuddin, who is still recalled as a hero, and whose rule is considered the golden-age of Sindh.
| Jam Nizamuddin II جام نظام الدين ثاني | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan of Sindh | |||||
| Reign | 1461–1508 CE | ||||
| Predecessor | Jam Sanjar (Sadr al-Din) | ||||
| Successor | Jam Feruzudin | ||||
| Born | 25th of Rabi' al-awwal, 844 (1439 CE) Thatta, Sindh | ||||
| Died | 1509 CE (aged 60–70) Thatta, Sindh | ||||
| Burial | Makli Hill, Pakistan | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Samma dynasty | ||||
| Father | Jam Sadr udin bin Jam unar (babina) | ||||
Nizamuddin's grave is located on Makli Hill and part of the world heritage site of Historical Monuments at Makli.[1] The tomb is an impressive stone structure with fine ornamental carving similar to the 15th-century Gujrat style.[2] It has been restored but unfortunately, it suffers from cracks and wall distortions caused by rough weathering and erosion of the slope on which it stands.[3] After his death, his son Jám Ferózudin lost the Sultanate in 1525 CE to an invading army of Shah Beg Arghun,[4] who had been thrown out of Kandahar by Babur.
History
Nizamuddín was elected to the throne of the Kingdom by joint councils of men of Thatta, as well as of the military on the 25th of Rabi' al-awwal, 866 (1461 CE), after the death of his father Jam Sanjar. Shortly, after his accession, he went with a large force to Bukkur, where he spent about a year, fighting Baloch tribes. He strengthened the fort of Bukkur and left the place in charge of his house-born slave Dilshád, after returning to the capital.
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For a period of forty-eight years, he reigned Thatta with absolute power. He was considered a wise and a just ruler, under whom madrasahs and mosques flourished, while the people enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity. Travelers could pass through Sindh, without harm to their person or property. The people followed strict Muslim rules. Congregations assembled in the mosques: no one was willing to say his prayers alone. The rise of Thatta, as an important commercial and cultural center, was directly related to his patronage and policies. The period contributed significantly to the evolution of a prevailing architectural style that can be classified as early Sindhi-Islamic.
In the last part of Nizamuddín's reign, after 1490 CE, a Mongol army under Shah Beg Arghun came from Kandahar and attacked many villages of Chundooha and Sideejuh, invading the towns of Ágrí, Ohándukah, Sibi Sindichah and Kót Máchián. Nizamuddín sent a large army under his Vazier and adopted son Darya Khan Lashari,[5] which, arriving at the village known by the name of Duruh-i-Kureeb, also known as Joolow Geer or Halúkhar near Sibi, defeated the Mughals in a pitched battle. According to other sources, this battle took place at Jalwakhir near Bibi Nani in the Bolan pass.[6] Sháh Beg Arghun's brother Abú Muhammad Mirzá was killed in battle, and the Mughuls fled back to Kandahár, never to return during the reign of Nizamuddin. Soon thereafter, Nizamuddin died after a long reign of 48 years.
Character
It is said that as a young man he was eager to learn, spending much of his time in college and cloisters. He had a good, affectionate temper, was obliging and an industrious person. He was very religious and regular in his prayers and practiced abstinence. In his days' mosques were said to be always full at the time of prayers.
According to a story he visited his stables regularly every week and would pass his hand over the forehead of his horses saying "O lucky beings, I do not wish to ride you in order to fight with others unless to go against Kafirs. On all the four sides of us we have Muslim rulers. May God never gives us any cause other than in accordance with the religious law, to go elsewhere, or others to come here, lest innocent blood of Muslims be shed and I will be ashamed in the august presence of God."
Nizamuddin and Sultan Hoosain Langah of Multan were befriended even though the latter had sheltered Samma nobles expelled by Nizamuddin.
Nizamuddin was fond of the company of learned men, with whom he liked discussing literary subjects. There is a story that a learned man of Shiraz, Jaláluddín Muhammad Roomi, had come from Persia to Sindh and had sent his two pupils Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín to Thatta to arrange for his sojourn there. Nizamuddin, learning the intention of the Persian scholar, ordered a place to be prepared for his reception and sent the two pupils with a large sum for expenses of the journey, ordering them to bring the learned man. But before their arrival their master had died. Mír Shamsuddín and Mír Muín, therefore, returned to Thatta in vain and took up their abode at the place.
Tomb
Cousens wrote in The Antiquities of Sind:[7]
His tomb is in the necropolis on Makli Hill. It is square in the plan but the dome was never constructed, work stopped when the walls reached the springing line. On the exterior of the building there are twelve bands of decoration running around the building from top to bottom comprising diamonds, lotuses, Quranic inscriptions, and geometric patterns. There are two unusual features: the mihrab in the interior and the corresponding balcony on the exterior. This type of balcony recalls those in Gujarat therefore it is possible that craftsmen from Gujarat were responsible for this tomb. This is a close view of a section of the wall, showing the richly carved balcony and the bands of decorative carving along the wall.
See also
References
- Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta UNESCO Retrieved 14 June 2014
- "Dawn: The necropolis of Sindh by Omar Mukhtar Khan". Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- The Tomb of Jam Nizam al-Din, documentation and condition survey. Heritage Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan. 2011.
- "Grave Tales". The Hindu. 2004-04-11. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- The environments that led to the rise and fall of the Kalhoras
- Haig, Maj Gen M.R., The Indus Delta Country K.Paul, Trench, Trubner &Co. 1894.
- Henry Cousens, The Antiquities of Sind, Archaeological Survey of India 46, Imperial Series (Calcutta, 1929, rptd. Karachi, 1975).
- This article includes content derived from "History of Sind - translated from Persian books" by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg (1853–1929), published in Karachi in 1902 and now in the public domain.
External links
- Islamic culture - Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board
- A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, by William Erskine
- The History and Culture of the Indian People - Page 224, by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
- The Ṭabaqāt-i-Akbarī of K̲h̲wājah Nizāmuddīn Ahmad: a history of India, by Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Muqīm, Brajendranath De, Baini Prashad
- Bibliotheca Indica - Page 778, by Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
- Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri
- The Delhi Sultanate, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar, A. D. Pusalker
- Babar, by Radhey Shyam
- Indo-Arab relations: an English rendering of Arab oʾ Hind ke taʾllugat, by Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Sayyid Sulaimān Nadvī, M. Salahuddin
- The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period, by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson
- Muslim Kingship in India, by Nagendra Kumar Singh
- The Indus Delta country: a memoir, chiefly on its ancient geography and history, by Malcolm Robert Haig
- The Samma kingdom of Sindh: historical studies, by G̲h̲ulāmu Muḥammadu Lākho, University of Sind. Institute of Sindology
- Imperial Gazetteer of India, by William Wilson Hunter, James Sutherland Cotton, Sir Richard Burn, William Stevenson Meyer, Great Britain. India Office, John George Bartholomew
External links
Jam Nizamuddin II Born: 1439 Died: 1509 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Jam Sanjar |
Sultan of Sindh 1461-1508 |
Succeeded by Jam Feroz |