Jakarta EE

Jakarta EE, formerly Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) is a set of specifications, extending Java SE 8[1] with specifications for enterprise features such as distributed computing and web services.[2] Jakarta EE applications are run on reference runtimes, that can be microservices or application servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability, concurrency and management of the components it is deploying.

Jakarta EE
Developer(s)Eclipse Foundation
Player softwareJava
Programming language(s)Java
Application(s)Application server
StatusActive
LicenseEclipse Public License or GNU General Public License w/Classpath exception
Java platform editions

Jakarta EE is defined by its specification. The specification defines APIs (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with other Java Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as Jakarta EE compliant.

Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are: e-commerce, accounting, banking information systems.

History

The platform was known as Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or J2EE from version 1.2, until the name was changed to Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE in version 1.5.

Java EE was maintained by Oracle under the Java Community Process. On September 12, 2017, Oracle Corporation announced that it would submit Java EE to the Eclipse Foundation.[3] The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J).[4] The Eclipse Foundation was forced to change the name because Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and renamed the Java EE platform to Jakarta EE.[5][6] The name should not be confused with the former Jakarta Project which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at the the Apache Software Foundation.

  • J2EE 1.2 (December 12, 1999)
  • J2EE 1.3 (September 24, 2001)
  • J2EE 1.4 (November 11, 2003)
  • Java EE 5 (May 11, 2006)
  • Java EE 6 (December 10, 2009)
  • Java EE 7 (May 28, 2013,[7] but April 5, 2013 according to spec document. June 12, 2013 was the planned kickoff date[8])
  • Java EE 8 (August 31, 2017[9])
  • Jakarta EE 8 (September 10, 2019) - fully compatible with Java EE 8[10]
  • Jakarta EE 9 (Target: August 31, 2020)[11][12]

Specifications

Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, managing distributed queues.

The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the base Java SE APIs, such as Jakarta Enterprise Beans, connectors, servlets, Jakarta Server Pages and several web service technologies.

Web specifications
  • Jakarta Servlet: defines how to manage HTTP requests, in a synchronous or asynchronous way. It is low level and other Jakarta EE specifications rely on it;
  • Jakarta WebSocket: API specification that defines a set of APIs to service WebSocket connections;
  • Jakarta Server Faces: a technology for constructing user interfaces out of components;
  • Jakarta Expression Language (EL) is a simple language originally designed to satisfy the specific needs of web application developers. It is used specifically in Jakarta Server Faces to bind components to (backing) beans and in Contexts and Dependency Injection to name beans, but can be used throughout the entire platform.

Web service specifications
  • Jakarta RESTful Web Services provides support in creating web services according to the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural pattern;
  • Jakarta JSON Processing is a set of specifications to manage information encoded in JSON format;
  • Jakarta JSON Binding provides specifications to convert JSON information into or from Java classes;
  • Jakarta XML Binding allows mapping XML into Java objects;
  • Jakarta XML Web Services can be used to create SOAP web services.

Enterprise specifications
  • Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) is a specification to provide a dependency injection container;
  • Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) specification defines a set of lightweight APIs that an object container (the EJB container) will support in order to provide transactions (using JTA), remote procedure calls (using RMI or RMI-IIOP), concurrency control, dependency injection and access control for business objects. This package contains the Jakarta Enterprise Beans classes and interfaces that define the contracts between the enterprise bean and its clients and between the enterprise bean and the ejb container.
  • Jakarta Persistence (JPA) are specifications about object-relational mapping between relation database tables and Java classes.
  • Jakarta Transactions (JTA) contains the interfaces and annotations to interact with the transaction support offered by Jakarta EE. Even though this API abstracts from the really low-level details, the interfaces are also considered somewhat low-level and the average application developer in Jakarta EE is either assumed to be relying on transparent handling of transactions by the higher level EJB abstractions, or using the annotations provided by this API in combination with CDI managed beans.
  • Jakarta Messaging (JMS) provides a common way for Java programs to create, send, receive and read an enterprise messaging system's messages.

Other specifications
  • Validation: This package contains the annotations and interfaces for the declarative validation support offered by the Bean Validation API. Bean Validation provides a unified way to provide constraints on beans (e.g. JPA model classes) that can be enforced cross-layer. In Jakarta EE, JPA honors bean validation constraints in the persistence layer, while JSF does so in the view layer.
  • Jakarta Batch provides the means for batch processing in applications to run long running background tasks that possibly involve a large volume of data and which may need to be periodically executed.
  • Jakarta Connectors is a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (EIS) as part of enterprise application integration (EAI). This is a low-level API aimed at vendors that the average application developer typically does not come in contact with.

Web profile

In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications. The Jakarta EE web profile comprises the following:

SpecificationJava EE 6[13]Java EE 7[7]Java EE 8[9]
Jakarta EE 8[14]		 Jakarta EE 9[15]
Jakarta Servlet3.03.14.0 5.0
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP)2.22.32.3 3.0
Jakarta Expression Language (EL)2.23.03.0 4.0
Jakarta Debugging Support for Other Languages (JSR-45)1.01.01.0 2.0
Jakarta Standard Tag Library (JSTL)1.21.21.2 2.0
Jakarta Server Faces (JSF)2.02.22.3 3.0
Jakarta RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)1.12.02.1 3.0
Jakarta WebSocket (WebSocket)N/A1.01.1 2.0
Jakarta JSON Processing (JSON-P)N/A1.01.1 2.0
Jakarta JSON BindingN/AN/A1.1 2.0
Jakarta Annotations (JSR 250)1.11.21.3 2.0
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB)3.1 Lite3.2 Lite3.2 Lite 4.0 Lite
Jakarta Transactions (JTA)1.11.21.2 2.0
Jakarta Persistence (JPA)2.02.12.2 3.0
Jakarta Bean Validation1.01.12.0 3.0
Jakarta Managed Beans1.01.01.0 2.0
Jakarta Interceptors1.11.21.2 2.0
Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI)1.01.12.0 3.0
Jakarta Dependency Injection1.01.01.0 2.0
Jakarta SecurityN/AN/A1.0 2.0
Jakarta AuthenticationN/A1.01.1 2.0

Certified referencing runtimes

Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (like connectors, clustering, fault tolerance, high availability, security, etc.), installed size, memory footprint, startup time, etc.

Referencing runtime Developer Java EE 8 certified – Full Java EE 8 certified – Web Java EE 7 certified – Full Java EE 7 certified – Web Java EE 6 certified – Full
Official Oracle page for Java EE Compatibility.		 Java EE 6 certified – Web Java EE 5 certified J2EE 1.4 certified Licensing
GlassFish server Open Source Edition Oracle Yes v5.0[16] Yes v5.0[16] Yes v4.x[17] Yes v4.x[17] Yes v3.x and upward[18] Yes v3.x Web Profile Yes v2.1.x[18] Free software
Oracle GlassFish Server Oracle Yes v3[19] based on the open source GlassFish application server Yes Sun Java System Application Server v9.0 Yes Sun Java System Application Server v8.2 Proprietary software
Oracle WebLogic Server Oracle Yes 14.1.1[20] Yes 12.2.1[21] Yes v12c[22] Yes v10.3.5.0 Yes v9 Proprietary software
WildFly Red Hat Yes v14.x[16] Yes v14.x[16] Yes v8.1 [23] Yes v8.0.0.Final Yes v7.1[24] Yes v6.0[25] and v7.0[26] Yes v5.1[27][28] Yes v4.x Free software
JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Red Hat Yes v7.2 [29] Yes v7.0[17] Yes v7.0[17] Yes v6.0[30] Yes v5 Free software
IBM WebSphere Application Server IBM Yes v9.x[16] Yes v9.x[17] Yes v8[31] Yes v7 Yes Proprietary software
IBM WebSphere Application Server Liberty IBM Yes v18.0.0.2[32] Yes v18.0.0.2[32] Yes v8.5.5.6[33][34] Yes v8.5.5.6[17] Yes v8.5.5[35] Proprietary software
Open Liberty IBM Yes v18.0.0.2 Yes v18.0.0.2 Free software
IBM WebSphere Application Server Community Edition IBM Yes v3.0 Yes v2.1 Proprietary software
Apache Geronimo Apache Yes v3.0-beta-1[36][37] Yes v2.0 Yes v1.0 Free software
JEUS TmaxSoft Yes v8 Yes v7[38][39] Yes v6 Yes v5 Proprietary software
Cosminexus Application Server Hitachi Yes v10.0[16] Yes v9[40] Proprietary software
Fujitsu Interstage Application Server[41] Fujitsu Yes v12.0[16] Yes v1 Azure/v10.1[42][43] Yes Proprietary software
WebOTX NEC Yes[44] Yes Proprietary software
BES Application Server Baolande Yes v9.5[17]
Apache TomEE[45][46] Apache No 7 (Java EE 7 like, but not certified[47]) Yes Free software
Resin Server Caucho Yes v4.0[48] Yes Proprietary software
Siwpas OW2 Yes v6.0[49] Free software
JOnAS OW2 Yes v5.3 rc1[50] Yes Yes Free software
SAP NetWeaver SAP Yes v2.x[51] Yes Yes Proprietary software
Oracle Containers for Java EE Oracle Yes Proprietary software
Oracle iPlanet Web Server Oracle Yes Sun Java System Web Server Proprietary software
Oracle Application Server 10g Oracle Yes Proprietary software
Pramati Server Pramati Technologies Yes v5.0 Proprietary software
Trifork T4 Trifork Yes Proprietary software
Sybase Enterprise Application Server[52] Sybase Yes Proprietary software

Code sample

The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.

In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built using Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server Pages (JSP), or Jakarta Server Faces (JSF) with Facelets. The example below uses JSF and Facelets. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" 
      xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html" xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core">

    <f:metadata>
        <f:viewParam name="user_id" value="#{userEdit.user}" converter="#{userConvertor}" />
    </f:metadata>
        
    <h:body>
                
        <h:messages />
                
        <h:form>        
            <h:panelGrid columns="2">                                  
                <h:outputLabel for="firstName" value="First name" />
                <h:inputText id="firstName" value="#{userEdit.user.firstName}" label="First name" />
                                
                <h:outputLabel for="lastName" value="Last name" />
                <h:inputText id="lastName" value="#{userEdit.user.lastName}" label="Last name"  />
                           
                <h:commandButton action="#{userEdit.saveUser}" value="Save" />
            </h:panelGrid>
        </h:form>
        
    </h:body>
</html>

Example Backing Bean class

To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below uses Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) and Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB).

@Named
@ViewScoped
public class UserEdit {
        
    private User user;

    @Inject
    private UserDAO userDAO;
  
    public String saveUser() {
        userDAO.save(this.user);        
        addFlashMessage("User " + this.user.getId() + " saved");
                
        return "users.xhtml?faces-redirect=true";
    }

    public void setUser(User user) {
        this.user = user;
    }

    public User getUser() {
        return user;
    }
}

Example Data Access Object class

To implement business logic, Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence, JDBC or Jakarta Persistence (JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is that JTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.

@Stateless
public class UserDAO {
        
    @PersistenceContext
    private EntityManager entityManager;
        
    public void save(User user) {
        entityManager.persist(user);
    }
        
    public void update(User user) {
        entityManager.merge(user);
    }

    public List<User> getAll() {
        return entityManager.createNamedQuery("User.getAll", User.class)
                            .getResultList();
    }

}

Example Entity class

For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence (JPA), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.

@Entity
public class User {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = IDENTITY)
    private Integer id;
        
    @Size(min = 2, message="First name too short")
    private String firstName;
        
    @Size(min = 2, message="Last name too short")
    private String lastName;
  
    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }
        
    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
  
    public String getFirstName() {
        return firstName;
    }

    public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
        this.firstName = firstName;
    }
        
    public String getLastName() {
        return lastName;
    }
 
    public void setLastName(String lastName) {
        this.lastName = lastName;
    }

}
gollark: I meant talking about it on discord or facebook or something, but sure.
gollark: But perhaps this could be mitigated with technology.
gollark: This is unfortunately unrealistic due to interactions with other people *directly*.
gollark: Thus bad.
gollark: Deliberately not freeing memory is as unethical as using Electron.

See also

References
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