Jacobo Borges

Jacobo Borges (born 28 November 1931 in Caracas, Venezuela) is a contemporary, neo-figurative Latin- American artist. His curiosity for exploring different mediums made him a painter, drawer, film director, stage designer and plastic artist. Known for his ever-evolving style, there is one constant principle that unites his work: "the search for the creation of space somewhere between dreams and reality where everything has happened, happens, and may happen."[1] His theoretical approach and unique, innovative technique has won him acclaim all over the world. He has had solo exhibitions in France, Germany, Austria, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Britain and the United States. Today, he is considered one of the most accomplished artist of Latin America.[2] His oeuvre includes a rich body of paintings, a film directed in 1969, and a book The Great Mountain and Its Era, published in 1979.[1] In 1982, a biography by Dore Ashton, called Jacobo Borges, was published in English and Spanish. Jacobo Borges resides in New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. He has a wife, Diana and three children, a daughter named Ximena and two sons, one named Ezequiel and other Emiliano.

Jacobo Borges
Born (1931-11-28) 28 November 1931
Caracas, Venezuela
NationalityVenezuelan
Known forPainter, Film Director, Stage Designer
Notable work
Characters from Napoleon's Coronation
MovementNeo-Figuration

Biography

Early work

Early in his career, Jacobo Borges studied art at Escuela de Artes Plasticas y Aplicadas (School of Fine Arts) in Caracas from 1949 to 1951. His formal training was short-live, as he rebelled against the Academic style of teaching and was consequently expelled prior to graduation.[3] This was his first and last attempt at an official education; however, it did not stop him from pursuing his career. That same year, Borges began to work at the Taller Libre de Arte (Free Art Workshop) in Caracas where he exhibited his first painting. The next year, 1952, Borges traveled to Paris on the scholarship money that he received from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer company. In Paris he began to experiment with bright, bold colors and flat shapes that resulted in the painting Fishing (1956). This work exemplifies Borges’ style during the first decade of his career - with strong influences from the Fauvism and Cubism movements. His use of a vibrant and diverse color palette is reminiscent of the Fauvists, while his fragmented composition and use of geometric forms fits into the traditional Cubist practice.[1] The Cubist influence can be attributed to the two years that Borges had spent at the Escuela de Artes Plasticas y Aplicadas where emphasis was heavily placed on studying Cézanne and the Cubist movement.[4] Living in Paris at the time he painted Fishing, Borges refused to experiment with different "art-trends" that were popular in European modernism. Instead, he stayed connected with his Latin roots and produced work that was "reminiscent of the Latin American indigenists, who advocated the use of themes and motifs from Indian culture."[2] Borges was therefore often considered a naïve painter among his peers.[1] His first works still lacked a very distinct style for which he is known today.

Neofiguration

Upon returning to Venezuela in 1956, Borges began to develop a more neofigurative style. This was a sharp change from the prevalent Abstraction movement that tended to simplify and generalize content. Neofiguration evolved in response to Abstractionism by returning to the subjective elements of Expressionism and the use of figurative form.[5] For Borges this was a necessary stylistic change in order to express his discontent with the political and social conditions of his country.

After ten years of the dictatorial regime of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, in 1958 Romulo Betancourt, the leader of the Democratic Action Party, regained power as the president of Venezuela. Though some of his policies supported social reforms, he also completely rejected the Castroites, which upset the Left Wing. On the other hand, the bourgeois class that made up the Right Wing completely opposed any social changes.[6] This period of political reform had fueled and inspired many of Borges’ works produced during the early to mid 1960s, who himself sided with the Left. His politically charged art was further encouraged by the El Techo de la Ballena (The roof of the whale) movement, founded in 1961. This was a group of novelists, poets and artists, among them Jacobo Borges, that formed in response to the Venezuela's shift of power. Through their manifesto, Stripes on the Roof, and multiple art exhibitions, the group demonstrated their discontent with the new government that was still aiding the bourgeoisie.[7]

During his early neofigurative period, Borges introduced human figures in his paintings who represented the upper class, the bourgeoisie, political or military personnel, and prostitutes. The figures were greatly distorted through the use of heavy impasto layered with rapid and rough brushwork. This technique echoed the characteristics of the Mexican artist Jose Luis Cuevas and the Argentinian Otra Figuracion movement "along with their sources in de Kooning, Bacon, Goya, Rembrandt, Posada, Orozco, the CoBrA artists as well as Emil Nolde and James Ensor."[6] Paintings produced during this period came to be his most renown works. Based on the Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David, Borges produced a series of drawings and paintings, Characters from Napoleon's Coronation, that made a mockery of the bourgeoisie class, transforming the formal coronation scene into a "burlesque" with deformed figures.[5]

Multimedia

One of the major turning points in Borges' career happened when he took a five-year break from painting (1966–1971) to explore the audio-visual media. His interest in voicing his political and social concerns led him to direct a multimedia project Imagen de Caracas (Image of Caracas). This was a collaboration between actors, writers, filmmakers and musicians who all sided on the issues of the political and social injustices in Venezuela and wanted to expose the audience, the people of Caracas, to the 400-year history of political and social inequalities that prevailed in their city. The production was a great spectacle that took two years (1966–1968) to complete. Situated on 1-acre (4,000 m2) of land, the project utilized eight 35 mm projector, forty-five slide projectors, eight large screens (each sixty-five feet wide and thirty-three feet high) and forty-six speakers. The idea was to engage the spectator in the performance, make him part of it in the hopes that through this interaction the audience will become aware of the social injustices that still prevailed in the "democratic" Venezuela.[8] However, shortly after its opening the government forced the Image of Caracas production to close its doors, perhaps due to its negative projection of authority.[6]

In 1969, Borges directed a 35-minute black-and-white film May 22.[1] In the recent years, though his primary medium is painting, Borges still utilizes the multimedia in his exhibitions. In July 1996 Borges held a solo show in Salzburg, Austria that was based on the story of Noah's Ark, in which Borges intensified his presentation of flood through the use of multimedia pieces.[2]

Later work

The time taken away from painting and invested in the exploration of multimedia had deeply affected Borges. Upon his return to canvas in 1971, he acquired a distinct style that greatly reflected the influences of his experience with filmmaking and photography. From that point on, Borges’ work became concerned with creating and depicting "shifting frames to create a sense of shifting time", rather than his political ideologies. His work no longer overtly portrayed his discontent with political and social issues, instead he became interested in producing images that dealt with traditional and cultural themes such as First Communion and betrothals. His inspiration and subjects for the paintings came from the old photographs that he had collected. Borges used the images from the photos transforming them into paintings.[6] His interest in "portraying passage of time and the persistence of memory" led him to developing a style that became associated uniquely with him.[3] Borges began using depth in his images by creating focal planes, selectively blurring figures in his paintings while sharpening others. This focal blurring effect was intensified by his use of glaze instead of heavy impasto, creating works that evoked dream like state.[6] Paintings such as Waiting for… (1972) and Nymphenburg (1974) exemplify his newly developed technique. At the same time, Borges' work began to show the influences of the old masters such as Velázquez and Goya. The composition and the placement of the figures in the paintings was more premeditated, compare to his early neofiguration period. El novio (The Groom) (1975) with its vertical construction of the room, and Nymphenburg with its situated figures both mirror Velázquez's work, Las meninas (1656).[9]

In most recent works, Borges is continuously drawn to portraying images of water and tree branches creating a meditative quality paintings.[10]

Legacy

In 1995 the government of Venezuela named a museum after Jacobo Borges. The Jacobo Borges Museum is a state funded institution located in Catia, a suburb of Caracas, Venezuela. Situated in one of the most poor neighborhoods, the museum's mission is to expose the residents to the importance of the arts. Various art classes are offered to the community in the hopes that art will help to improve their lives. For Borges, it's a personal triumph since Catia is his hometown and he himself overcame the poverty by pursuing the career in the arts. The museum exhibits works by the international artists as well as the local.[11]

Quote

I solve one part of things and then other parts suggest themselves. I work with my consciousness parallel to my subconscious in which I have great confidence. I simply let it come out. Images bud because I have them inside, not because I am reasoning. There is a need, an urge beyond control, as when I am painting and get a feeling that something belongs. I feel in touch with nature, this transfiguring mystery, because art is transfiguration. The ideal would be that art become nature once more, primary, primitive, born anew. I make things I don't plan, they just happen. My art is a dialogue between me and the world. I work like an archaeologist, always cleaning then covering up. I need layers, holes, I pile things up, then I begin to erase. I begin and conclude dialogues with my work that change from one moment to the next. Sometimes I have a discussion; there is no pleasant, easy-going relationship for me. Suddenly, I start to argue with the painting, feel angry, destroy it, then start again the dialogue with whatever I destroyed. Paintings come up like the dawn, light changes, fades and modifies. In fact, a painting is many paintings and the total dwells within me. I feel buried, hidden, non-existent images, things that we can't see any more. There is a painting I worked on for three years; it was of a singer. One night in New York, just before a show, my son Emiliano woke up and saw me working, told me I was crazy, and went back to sleep. That night, the singer became a swimming woman, then a swimming man.

- Jacobo Borges [10]

Selected works
  • Fishing – 1956, Aldemaro Romero, Caracas
  • Mural – 1956, Rodrigo Guerrero, Caracas
  • Saint Michel's nets – 1960, Galeria de Arte Nacional, Caracas
  • Without Shades – 1962, Estudio Actual, Caracas
  • The Scream – 1962, Moises Feldman, Caracas
  • Personages of Napoleon's coronation – 1963, Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Caracas
  • Waiting Room – 1962, Galeria de arte Nacional, Caracas
  • The Crowning of Napoleon – 1963, Ana Avalos, Caracas
  • Humble Citizen – 1964, Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Caracas
  • The Show Continues – 1964, Hans Neumann, Caracas
  • High Finances – 1965, Private Collection, New York
  • Nymphenburg – 1974, Mariano Otero, Caracas
  • Time goes by I – 1974, Galeria de Arte Nacional Caracas
  • Landscape in Three Tempos – 1977, Banco Central de Venezuela Caracas
  • Awakening – 1978, Embassy of Venezuela, Brazil
  • The Little Cup – 1981, Galeria de Arte Nacional, Caracas
  • The Real Mountain – 1981, Just. W Michelsen, New York
  • Animal and Destroyed Piano – 1984, CDS Gallery, New York
  • Just Two – 1985, CDS Gallery, New York

Selected exhibition history
  • 1956 - Two solo exhibitions: Galeria Lauro, Caracas; Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas
  • 1957 - São Paulo Biennial, Brazil; Official Salon, Caracas
  • 1958 – Venice Biennial; Bruselas’ World's Fair; Official Salon, Caracas
  • 1959 – Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City; Official Salon, Caracas
  • 1960 – Official Salon, Caracas; Museum of Fine Arts, Curaçao
  • 1961 – Official Salon, Caracas
  • 1962 – Official Salon, Caracas
  • 1963 – Solo exhibition at Galeria G, Caracas; "Twenty two Venezuelan Painters", Chile, Uruguay, Peru; São Paulo Biennial, Brazil
  • 1964 – "Guggenheim International", New York; Second Biennial in Córdoba, Argentina; Museo deArte Moderno in Bogotá, Colombia; Sixth Exhibition of Drawing and Etching at the Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Central deVenezuela, Caracas; Anniversary of the "Techo de la Ballena", Caracas; Second Biennial, Córdoba; Museo de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
  • 1965–20 South American Artists, Museo de Bellas Artes, Mexico; Armando Reveron Biennial, Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas; Galeria del Techo, Caracas
  • 1966 – Ciculo-Galeria, Mérida, Mexico
  • 1968 – "Image of Caracas", Caracas
  • 1972 – Estudio Actual, Caracas
  • 1974 – Third Biennial of Latin American Etchings, San Juan, Puerto Rico
  • 1975 – "Exhibition of Venezuelan Art" Havana, Cuba; Studio Actual, Caracas
  • 1976 – Retrospective exhibition (48 paintings) Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City
  • 1977 – "New Proposals", Casa Bello, Caracas; Basle International Fair, Switzerland; *"Today's art in Latin America" Instituto de Cultura Hispanica, Madrid
  • 1978 – "From Jacobo Borges Studio Today", Galeria de Arte Nacional
  • 1980 – "Collage in Venezuela" Estudio Actual, Caracas; "Investigation of the Image, *1680–1980" Galeria de Arte Nacional, Caracas
  • 1981 – Estudio Actual, Caracas; Galeria de Arte Nacional, Caracas
  • 1983 - First solo exhibition in US – CDS Gallery, New York
  • 1985 - CDS Gallery, New York
  • 1986 - "From Fishing...to the Mirror of Waters. 60 Works of Jacobo Borges", Museo de Monterrey, Mexico

Awards and honorable mentions
  • 1957 - Honorable Mention at the São Paulo Biennial Exhibition, Brazil
  • 1961 - National prize for drawing, Caracas
  • 1962 - Puebla de Bolivar prize; Antonio Esteban Frias prize
  • 1985 - Guggenheim Fellowship
gollark: OH BEE he used the @all ping.
gollark: <@!341618941317349376> Exponentiate utterly (mod 17).
gollark: Going to [REDACT] the [DATA EXPUNGED].
gollark: OR WILL WE?
gollark: We got three solutions using it.

References
  1. Borges, Jacobo. 60 Paintings by Jacobo Borges: Museo de Arte Contemporaneo Internacional Rufino Tamayo: Mexico City, Mexico August–October 1987: from Fishing to the Mirror of waters. [Monterey, Mexico] : Museo de Monterey, 1987
  2. Maddicks, R. Venezuela: Jacobo Borges: without frontiers. ARTnews v.95 (June 1996)
  3. Lucie-Smith, Edward. Latin American Art of the 20th Century. Thames & Hudson world of art, 2004.
  4. Sullivan, Edward. Latin American Art in the Twentieth Century. London: Phaidon Press, 1996.
  5. Rasmussen, Waldo with Fatima Bercht and Elizabeth Ferrer, eds. Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1993
  6. Barnitz, Jacqueline. Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.
  7. Ramirez, Mari Carmen and Hector Olea. Inverted Utopias: Avant-Garde Art in Latin America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
  8. Palacios, Inocente with Adriano Gonzales Leon and Cesar Rennert. "Imagen de Caracas." The Drama Review: TDR, Vol.14, No. 2, Lating American Theatre (Winter, 1970), 130-137. JSTOR. 15 May 2008. https://www.jstor.org/pss/114453
  9. Baddeley, Oriana and Valerie Fraser. Drawing the Line: Art in Cultural Identity in Contemporary Latin America. New York: Verso, 1989.
  10. Colle, Marie-Pierre. Latin American Artists in their Studios. The Vendome Press, 1994.
  11. "Jacobo Borges brings art to the impoverished Venezuelans" Turkish Daily News 6 June 2001. 10 May 2008.
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