JPSS-2

JPSS-2, or Joint Polar Satellite System-2, is the second of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites called the Joint Polar Satellite System. JPSS-2 is to be launched in 2022 and join NOAA-20 and Suomi NPP in the same orbit. Circling the Earth from pole-to-pole, it will cross the equator about 14 times daily, providing full global coverage twice a day.[2]

JPSS-2
Mission typeEarth Science & Meteorology
OperatorNOAA
Websitehttp://www.jpss.noaa.gov/
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftJoint Polar Satellite System-2
BusLEOStar-3
ManufacturerOrbital ATK
Launch mass2930 kg
Start of mission
Launch dateMarch 2022[1]
RocketAtlas V 401
Launch siteVandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 3E
ContractorUnited Launch Alliance
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeSun-synchronous
Joint Polar Satellite System
 

JPSS-2 will provide operational continuity of satellite-based observations and products for NOAA Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) and Suomi NPP satellite and ground systems.[2] The baseline plan for JPSS Ground System will be sustained to support JPSS-2, similar to NOAA-20. The JPSS-2 spacecraft will host the following instruments: (1) VIIRS, (2) CrIS, (3) ATMS, and (4) OMPS. It was at one time intended to carry the Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) but NASA cancelled that project in 2018.[3]

Development

On March 24, 2015, NASA announced that Orbital ATK would build one, and possibly three, Joint Polar Satellite System spacecraft. In winning the contract, Orbital unseated the incumbent Ball Aerospace which had built NOAA-20 (JPSS-1) and Suomi NPP.[4] JPSS-2 is based on Orbital ATK’s LEOStar-3 spacecraft bus platform, which was also used on Landsat 8. The second Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation satellite (ICESat-2) and the Landsat 9 spacecraft are also based on the LEOStar-3 and are being built at Orbital ATK’s Gilbert facility at the same time.[5]

The launch services contract was awarded to United Launch Alliance on March 3, 2017.[6]

Launch

JPSS-2 is scheduled to launch in March 2022 on an Atlas V 401 rocket from Space Launch Complex 3E at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.[6][7][1]

Instruments

JPSS-2 Sensors/Instruments:[2]

Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)
takes global visible and infrared observations of land, ocean, and atmosphere parameters at high temporal resolution. Developed from the MODIS instrument flown on the Aqua and Terra Earth Observing System satellites, it has significantly better performance than the AVHRR radiometer previously flown on NOAA satellites.[8]
Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)
The CrIS instrument will be used to produce high-resolution, three-dimensional moisture, pressure, and temperature profiles. These profiles will help scientists to enhance weather forecasting models, and will be used in both short- and long-term weather forecasting. They will help improve the understanding of regular climate phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña. This is a brand-new instrument with breakthrough performance.[9] CrIS represents a significant enhancement over NOAA's legacy infrared sounder—High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounders (HIRS) and is meant to be a counterpart to the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI).
Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)
ATMS is a cross-track scanner with 22 channels. It provides sounding observations needed to retrieve atmospheric moisture and temperature profiles for real-time civilian weather forecasting and to provide continuity of these measurements for climate monitoring. It is a lighter-weight version of the previous AMSU and MHS instruments flown on previous NOAA and NASA satellites with no new performance capabilities.[10]
Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)
OMPS is a suite of three hyperspectral instruments that is extending the 25-plus year total-ozone and ozone-profile records. Ozone-assessment researchers and policy makers use these records to track the health of the ozone layer. Better testing and monitoring of the complex chemistry involved in ozone destruction near the troposphere is made possible by the improved vertical resolution of OMPS data products. OMPS products, when used with cloud predictions, also produce better ultraviolet index forecasts.[11] OMPS carries on a long tradition of space borne measurements of ozone beginning in 1970 with the Nimbus 4 satellite and continuing with the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV and SBUV/2), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) instruments on various NASA, NOAA, and international satellites. Over the more than 30-year period in which these instruments have been operating, they have provided a very detailed and important long-term record of the global distribution of ozone.[12]

Discontinued instruments:

Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI)
RBI was a planned scanning radiometer capable of measuring Earth's reflected sunlight and emitted thermal radiation. RBI was to fly on JPSS-2, but it experienced significant technical issues and substantial cost growth. Because of these challenges, and the low risk of experiencing a gap in this data record due to having two relatively new instruments in orbit at the time, NASA decided to discontinue development of RBI.[3] RBI struggled from the beginning. It was originally to be on NOAA's proposed Polar Free Flyer satellite, but in 2014, Congress, led by its Republican majority, refused to fund the satellite. After moving the instrument to JPSS-2 and awarding the contract for development in June 2014,[13] NASA almost immediately began the process of dropping the sensor. NASA halted development in 2015 citing cost and technical concerns.[14] In 2017 it was defunded in the Trump administration's first budget because of "schedule and technical difficulties."[15] RBI got a brief reprieve when the Senate states that if NASA determined that RBI could be ready for inclusion on the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) 2 spacecraft and stay within budget it could continue with reprogrammed funding.[16] But on January 26, 2018, NASA announced their intention to discontinue development of RBI and shortly thereafter it was again left unfunded in the Trump administrations FY 2019 budget.[3][17]
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References
  1. Marder, Jenny (July 3, 2019). "Inflatable Decelerator Will Hitch a Ride on the JPSS-2 Satellite". NOAA. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  2. "Joint Polar Satellite System: Mission and Instruments". NASA. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  3. "NASA Cancels Earth Science Sensor Set for 2021 Launch". January 26, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  4. "Orbital ATK Wrests JPSS Business From Ball". Space News. March 23, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  5. Datta, Anasuya (March 20, 2018). "Orbital ATK to start manufacturing Landsat 9 as spacecraft passes critical design review". Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  6. Cole, Steve. "NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Joint Polar Satellite System-2 Mission". Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  7. "JPSS Launch". Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  8. "The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite." NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center. Retrieved: 22 June 2017.
  9. "The Cross-track Infrared Sounder." Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center. Retrieved: 22 June 2017.
  10. The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center. Retrieved: 22 June 2017.
  11. "Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite." NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center. Retrieved: 22 June 2017.
  12. "Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS)". Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  13. Scharmann, Rachel (June 3, 2014). "Exelis Secures Contract for NASA Radiation Budget Instrument". Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  14. "NASA Weather Satellite Procurement Telegraphed Issue with Climate Sensor". June 11, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  15. Wall, Mike (May 24, 2017). "Trump's 2018 Budget Request Axes 5 NASA Earth-Science Missions". Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  16. Foust, Jeff (June 27, 2017). "Senate restores funding for NASA Earth science and satellite servicing programs". Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  17. Wall, Mike (February 12, 2018). "Trump's 2019 NASA Budget Request Puts Moon Ahead of Space Station". Space.com. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
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