Isoaspartate

Isoaspartic acid (isoaspartate, isoaspartyl, β-aspartate) is an aspartic acid residue isomeric to the typical α peptide linkage. It is a β-amino acid, with the side chain carboxyl moved to the backbone. Such a change is caused by a chemical reaction in which the nitrogen atom on the N+1 following peptide bond (in black at top right of Figure 1) nucleophilically attacks the γ-carbon of the side chain of an asparagine or aspartic acid residue, forming a succinimide intermediate (in red). Hydrolysis of the intermediate results in two products, either aspartic acid (in black at left) or isoaspartic acid, which is a β-amino acid (in green at bottom right).[1] The reaction also results in the deamidation of the asparagine residue. Racemization may occur leading to the formation of D-aminoacids.[2]

Isoaspartyl formation reaction of Asn-Gly (top right) to Asp-Gly (at left) or iso(Asp)-Gly (in green at bottom right).

Kinetics of isoaspartyl formation

Isoaspartyl formation reactions have been conjectured to be one of the factors that limit the useful lifetime of proteins.[3]

Isoaspartyl formation proceeds much more quickly if the asparagine is followed by a small, flexible residue (such as Gly) that leaves the peptide group open for attack. These reactions also proceed much more quickly at elevated pH (>10) and temperatures.

Repair

L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase repairs isoaspartate and D-aspartate residues by sticking a methyl group onto the side chain carboxyl group in the residue, creating an ester. The ester rapidly and spontaneously turns into the succinimide (red), and randomly turns back into normal aspartic acid (black) or isoaspartate again (green) for another attempt.[4]

gollark: Good for it.
gollark: Purity is impossible. All is impure until we reshape the universe to be an ideal Turing machine or something.
gollark: If you try to use 1TB of RAM to store your infinite list of [1..], then your program will probably get killed.
gollark: Anyway, disregarding that, it technically *does* still have side effects, even ones within those contexts.
gollark: Haskell is impure because it has unsafePerformIO. QED.

References
  1. Clarke S (1987). "Propensity for spontaneous succinimide formation from aspartyl and asparaginyl residues in cellular proteins". Int. J., Peptide Protein Res. 30: 808–821.
  2. Yang H, Zubarev RA (2010). "Mass spectrometric analysis of asparagine deamidation and aspartate isomerization in polypeptides". Electrophoresis. 31: 1764–1772. doi:10.1002/elps.201000027.
  3. Stephenson RC, Clarke S (1989). "Succinimide Formation from Aspartyl and Asparaginyl Peptides as a Model for the Spontaneous Degradation of Proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 264: 6164–6170.
  4. Yamamoto A, Takagi H, Kitamura D, Tatsuoka H, Nakano H, Kawano H, Kuroyanagi H, Yahagi Y, Kobayashi S, Koizumi K, Sakai T, Saito K, Chiba T, Kawamura K, Suzuki K, Watanabe T, Mori H, Shirasawa T (March 1998). "Deficiency in protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase results in a fatal progressive epilepsy". J. Neurosci. 18 (6): 2063–74. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02063.1998. PMC 6792936. PMID 9482793.
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