Iris bucharica

Iris bucharica (also Bukhara iris, corn leaf iris and horned iris) is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a bulbous herbaceous perennial, from temperate Asia, within Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It has long blue green leaves, many flowers in spring, in shades of yellow and white.

Iris bucharica
Iris bucharica, Dresden Botanic Garden
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Scorpiris
Section: Iris sect. Scorpiris
Species:
I. bucharica
Binomial name
Iris bucharica
Synonyms[1]

Juno bucharica (Foster) Vved.

Description

Iris bucharica has a yellowish white bulb, about 2 cm in diameter,[2] with thin fleshy roots.[3] It grows 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) high.[4][5]

The lanceolate (lance-like) leaves which are blue-green below and glossy green above, reach up to 3.5 cm (1.4 in) wide and 20 cm (7.9 in) long. They are scattered up the flower stems.

Each stem produces up to seven unscented flowers in spring. They bloom in order from the top of the stem, going downwards. The perianth tube is about 4.5–5 cm (1.8–2.0 in) long. Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[6] The flowers have white or creamy white standards with yellow falls. The falls sometimes have brown markings and a deep yellow crest. The flowers are about 2.5 in (6.4 cm) across. Pure yellow forms are occasionally wrongly labelled as I. orchioides (a different species).[7] The stigmas are semicircular, with whitish anthers and pollen.

Iris bucharica, Iris orchioides and Iris warleyensis all have cubiform seeds.[8]

Biochemistry

Most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[6]

Taxonomy

It is commonly known as 'Bukhara iris',[9] 'corn leaf Iris',[10][11][12] or 'horned iris'.[13][14][15]

It is pronounced 'bukh-AR-ee-kuh'[16] and named after the city of Bukhara in Uzbekistan.[17][18]

Iris bucharica was illustrated in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Tab. 7111 on 1 April 1890, and was incorrectly described by Baker as a specimen of Iris orchioides.[19] It was then published as Iris bucharica in The Gardeners' Chronicle by Foster in 1902.[20] Michael Foster got the bulbs from the UK bulb merchant Van Tubergen (mainly based in Harlem, Netherlands). It was also published in “Flora and Sylva” in 1905. It was then introduced into the UK in 1902.[21]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 1 December 2004.[9]

Distribution and habitat

Iris bucharica is native to temperate Central Asia.[9] in north-eastern Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan around Bukhara. It is endemic to the Gissar Range, in the valleys of Surkhan-darya, Kafirnigan, Vakhsh, Ak-su and Kizyl-su rivers. It is found at 5,000–6,000 ft (1,500–1,800 m), in pebble beds and gravelly slopes of the lower mountain zone.[3]

Cultivation

Iris bucharica is widely cultivated in temperate regions, and in the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[22]

It prefers free draining fertile soils which are neutral or slightly alkaline. The bulbs are planted in late summer or autumn, 5 cm (2.0 in) deep, in gravelly soils in full sun. Like others of its kind it needs a period of warmth and dryness during the summer, to prevent the fleshy roots from rotting away.[23] This is normally after the foliage dies back in late June or early July.

It is hardy to USDA Zones 4-9. It is hardy in most areas of the UK, down to −15 °C (5 °F).[22] But it can be grown in a pot in a greenhouse, providing it is kept dry in summer and left out in the autumn rains.

It will increase by bulblets, naturalising quickly where growing conditions are favourable, allowing for the creation of drifts in borders or rock gardens. Plants may be lifted and divided every 3–4 years, to prevent overcrowding.[24] It is also possible to grow from seed, but it will take several years before the bulbs are big enough to produce flowers.[22]

Iris orchioides hybridizes freely with I. bucharica to create a large golden-flowered hybrid.[24]

It is deer resistant.[13]

Cultivars
  • Iris 'Sunny Side Up': a hybrid of Iris bucharica and Iris magnifica, this cultivar has yellow and white flowers. It grows up to a height of 50 cm (20 in)[25]
  • Iris bucharica 'Princess' (Foster): this cultivar flowers in April and May, the fragrant flowers (similar to freesia), are white with yellow blades on the falls. It reaches a height of 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) (also known as Iris orchioides f. bicolor)[26]
gollark: One of them, yes, why?
gollark: Also small.
gollark: So now some data will be stored with LZW compression, which is not very *good* but is extremely fast.
gollark: I was implementing compression into potatOS, you see, so it uses less server storage space.
gollark: Great, I have no idea about compatibility but it works now!

References
  1. "Iris bucharica Foster". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  2. Komarov, V.L. (1935). "Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV". Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  3. James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 260, at Google Books
  4. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  5. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 67. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  6. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.}
  7. "Juno irises A-I". Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  8. Dykes, W.R. A Handbook of Garden Irises. London: Martin Hopkinson Company Ltd. p. 89. ISBN 978-0913728086. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  9. "Iris bucharica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  10. Pascoe, Michael. "Iris bucharica". canadaplants.ca. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  11. Norris, Kelly D. (February 2013). "Corn Leaf Iris". statebystategardening.com. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  12. "Corn Leaf Iris". hgtvgardens.com. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  13. "Iris bucharica". digdropdone.com. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  14. Kramb, D.; Taggart, Peter (6 January 2010). "Iris bucharica". signa.org. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  15. "Iris bucharica". yonemura.co.jp. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  16. Teashon, Debbie. "Iris bucharica". www.rainyside.com. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  17. John Weathers The Bulb Book, p. 298, at Google Books
  18. Klingaman, Gerald (8 April 2011). "Iris bucharica". uaex.edu. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  19. "(SPEC) Iris bucharica Fos". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  20. "Iridaceae Iris bucharica Foster". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  21. Buchan, Ursula (28 March 2008). "Iris bucharica: How to grow". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  22. "Iris bucharica Foster". rhs.org.uk (Royal Horticultural Society). Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  23. "Forcing Iris bucharica". growingwithplants.com. 11 April 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  24. Dykes, W.R. A handbook of Garden Irises. London: Martin Hopkinson Company Ltd. p. 89. ISBN 978-0913728086. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  25. "Pacific Rim Native Plant Nursery". www.hillkeep.ca. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  26. "IRIS FLEUR-DE-LYS Iridaceae (Iris family)". www.hillkeep.ca. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

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