Ikbal (title)

Ikbal (Ottoman Turkish: اقبال‎) was the title given to the imperial consort of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who came below the rank of Kadın.[1][2][3] The Sultans usually had three, four[4] and six Ikbals, and four, five Gözdes[5] with the title of Ikbal.[6] The Ikbals were the women singled out as favorite companions of the Sultan who were in line for promotion to the rank of Kadın, on the death or divorce of one of the latter. The Ikbals sometime became the mothers of the Sultans children and after their death their children were given to Kadıns to raise.[7]. Hanimefendi is equivalent to the favorite. This title was mainly given to the secondary consorts of the Sultans. The Ottoman dynasty had three titles for imperial ladies. Valide Sultan , the queen , Kadinefendi , the princess and Hanimefendi the favorite.

Ranks and styles

İkbâls

The İkbâls of Sultans were ranked and styled as:

  • Baş İkbâl,[8] Başhanımefendi or Devletlu Baş-İkbâl (given name) Hanımefendi Hazretleri - chief fortunate madam;
  • İkinci İkbâl,[9] İkinci Hanımefendi or Devletlu İkinci İkbâl (given name) Hanımefendi Hazretleri - second fortunate madam;
  • Üçüncü İkbâl,[10] Üçüncü Hanımefendi or Devletlu Üçüncü İkbâl (given name) Hanımefendi Hazretleri — third fortunate madam;
  • Dördüncü İkbâl,[11] Dördüncü Hanımefendi or Devletlu Dördüncü İkbâl (given name) Hanımefendi Hazretleri — fourth fortunate madam;
  • Beşinci İkbâl,[12] Beşinci Hanımefendi or Devletlu Beşinci İkbâl (given name) Hanımefendi Hazretleri — fifth fortunate madam;
  • Altıncı İkbâl,[13] Altıncı Hanımefendi or Devletlu Altıncı İkbâl (given name) Hanımefendi Hazretleri — sixth fortunate madam.[14][15]

Gözdes

The Gözdes of Sultans and consorts of the şehzades were ranked and styled as:

  • Baş Gözde, Başhanım or (given name) Başhanımefendi Hazretleri - chief favorite madam;
  • İkinci Gözde, İkinci Hanım or (given name) İkinci Hanımefendi Hazretleri - second favorite madam;
  • Üçüncü Gözde, Üçüncü Hanım or (given name) Üçüncü Hanımefendi Hazretleri — third favorite madam;
  • Dördüncü Gözde, Dördüncü Hanım or (given name) Dördüncü Hanımefendi Hazretleri — fourth favorite madam;
  • Beşinci Gözde, Beşinci Hanım or (given name) Beşinci Hanımefendi Hazretleri — fifth favorite madam;

Honorific

Imperial consorts who were traditionally addressed as Hanımefendi include:

gollark: Alternatively, incredibly complex simulations of the atmosphere.
gollark: (on nuking hurricanes - it basically just says don't)
gollark: <@!573557883766177832> https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C5c.html
gollark: I mean, it fits with your name.
gollark: There might just not be weather radar data around for the UK.

See also

References
  1. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924, by Harun Açba
  2. Öztuna, Yilmaz, "Deletler ve Hanedanler", Vol: 2, Ministry of Culture Publications, London (1996), s.924
  3. Saray hatıralarım, by Safiye Ünüvar
  4. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  5. The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918 by Fanny Davis
  6. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  7. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  8. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  9. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  10. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  11. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  12. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  13. Kadın efendiler: 1839-1924
  14. Fanny Davis (1986). The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-24811-5.
  15. The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.
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