I'tisam-ud-Din

Mīrzā Muḥammad I'tiṣām al-Dīn Pãchnūrī, (Bengali: মির্জা মোহাম্মদ ইতেশামুদ্দীন, Persian: ميرزا محمد اعتصام الدين‎),[2] or Itesham Uddin was a Mughal diplomat and the first educated Indian and Bengali to travel to Europe, in 1765.[3] He was also a munshi serving the Nawabs of Bengal as well as the East India Company.[4] He had also written the text of the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad.[5]

Shaikh Mirza

Syed Muhammad I'tisam al-Din

Panchnuri
A portrait of the Mirza smoking hukka
Personal
Born1730
Kazipara Masjid, Panchnur[1], Chakdaha, Nadia, Bengal Subah, Mughal Empire
Died1800(1800-00-00) (aged 69–70)
Panchnur, Chakdaha, Nadia, Bengal Subah, Mughal Empire
ReligionIslam
Parents
  • Shaikh Tajuddin (father)
DenominationSunni
RelativesShahabuddin (Grandfather)
Muslim leader
Period in office18th century
PostMunshi
His birthplace is the ancient Kazipara mosque which still stands today

Early life

He was born in the village of Panchnur, Chakdaha, Nadia in the Mughal Empire's Bengal Subah as Syed Muhammad I'tisam al-Din. He was born into a Bengali Muslim family and his father's name was Sheikh Tajuddin, the son of Shahabuddin.[6] His birthplace, Kazipara Masjid, still stands today and his ancestors are said to have arrived after the Battle of Pandua.[7] It is also said his ancestors were trying to flee a Mongol invasion in Persia.[8] He came from a privileged background, in which he was well educated and fluent in the Arabic, Bengali, Hindustani and Persian languages.[9] His elder brother was a mufti and adviser to the Nawab of Bengal, Alivardi Khan. Munshi Salimullah and Mirza Muhammad Qasim, who worked under Mir Jafar, trained I'tisam to also become a munshi and taught him the Persian language.[8]

Career

He began his career as a munshi to Mir Jafar in Murshidabad.[4] On the accession of Mir Qasim, he entered the service of the East India Company's Major Martin Yorke and Major Mark and took part in a campaign against Raja Asad uz-Zaman Khan of Birbhum.[6] After the battle, Emperor Shah Alam II recognised his efforts during a visit to Azimabad.

Later, I'tisam served under Captain Mackinon as paymaster for an orphanage. He fought alongside Mackinon and the East India Company against Mir Qasim in 1763 during the Battle of Giria and the Battle of Udhwa Nala. Bardette also made I'tisam the Tehsildar of Kutubpur.[8]

Travel to Europe

In 1765, he entered the service of John Carnac and had another audience with the Emperor Shah Alam at Jahazgarh. He assisted Colonel Carnac in a battle from Faizabad to Shora-Shapur. Following the battle, Shah Alam II offered I'tisam the title of Mirza if he was willing to work under him as a Munshi as well as the opportunity to travel to Europe. In Murshidabad, he set off with Captain Archibald Swinton on a diplomatic mission to the court of King George III to send a letter from Shah Alam II and 1 lakh takas.[10] I'tisam was also accompanied by his servant, Muhammad Muqim.[11] After three weeks at sea, Swinton revealed to I'tisam that neither the letter from Shah Alam nor his tribute of a lakh of takas was on board as it had been seized by Robert Clive.[12] I'tisam taught Swinton the Arabic tales of Kalila and Demna. Robert Clive later on sent the money to the English king, on his own behalf to suppress contact between England and the Mughals. As such I'tisam never ended up meeting George III and instead accompanied Swinton to Nantes in France via the southern coast of Africa.[13] He also visited Mauritius, Madagascar, the Cape of Good Hope and Ascension Island.[8] In Nantes, Swinton left for England while I'tisam remained in France for a month travelling to Calais as well.

From Calais, I'tisam took a ship to Dover, reaching Britain in 1766. He remained in London for three months before reuniting with Swinton in Oxford, where they assisted Sir William Jones with South Asian manuscripts, the translation of the Persian book Farhang-i-Jahangiri into English and Jones' book, A grammar of the Persian language.[5] During his time, he also taught the Persian to those who intended to work in the Mughal Empire.[14]

Return to Asia

He returned to Bengal after a three-year absence due to food problems. He was later employed by the East India Company in negotiations with the Maratha Empire. He travelled with John Hamilton to Pune and drew up treaties and settled peace.[6] Locals gave Itesamuddin the nickname of Bilayet Munshi due to him being the first to travel to what was known as the Vilayet.[15]

In 1785, he published the Shigurf-nama-i-Wilayat (or 'Wonder Book of England'), in the Persian language, detailing his travels.[6] He was the first educated Indian and Bengali to visit England and describe the journey.[6] The work has been translated into English, Hindustani and Bengali.[16]

Written works
  • Treaty of Allahabad
  • Shigurf Namah i Vilayat (Excellent intelligence concerning Europe)
    • "The wonders of Vilayet : being the memoir, originally in Persian, of a visit to France and Britain by Mirza Sheikh Iʼtesamuddin, an eighteenth century Indian gentleman"
    • "Shigurf namah i velaët, or, Excellent intelligence concerning Europe : being the travels of Mirza Itesa Modeen, in Great Britain and France"
  • Nasab Namah (Family tree of Itisam Uddin)

Death

It is estimated that he died in 1800.[17]

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See also

References
  1. Pachnoor, Pachnur, Panchnoor
  2. various archaic and incorrect spellings such as Itesa Modeen
  3. Sarkar, Bipulranjan (22 August 2011). "পর্যটন-পরিকল্পনা কোথায়?". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  4. C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Volume 1, Part 2, Psychology Press, 2002, p.1142
  5. Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 12 Asia, Africa and the Americas (1700-1800). 2018. pp. 544–548.
  6. C.E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217
  7. Mallik, Kumud Nath (1910). Nadia-kahini.
  8. Kaiser Haq (2012). "I'tesamuddin, Mirza Sheikh". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  9. Hossain, Ghazi Shahadat (6 October 2012). "Stepping on to different shores". The Daily Star.
  10. Evan Cotton (1926). The journals of Archibald Swinton.
  11. Fisher, Michael (2004). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600–1857.
  12. Michael J. Franklin, 'Orientalist Jones': Sir William Jones, Poet, Lawyer, and Linguist, 1746-1794, OUP Oxford, 22 Sep 2011, p.63
  13. Ghulam Murshid. Kalapanir Hatchhani: Bilete Bangalir Itihas.
  14. Ansar Ahmed Ullah (2010). Bengalis in London's East End (PDF). p. 11.
  15. "Mirza I'tesamuddin". Peepal Tree Press.
  16. Alam, Shahid (12 May 2012). "For casual reader and connoisseur alike". The Daily Star.
  17. Mahbub Alam, ed. (9 July 2010). "মির্জা শেখ ইতেশামুদ্দীন: লন্ডনে বাদশার বাঙালি দূত" (in Bengali).
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