Hydrobiidae

Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small freshwater and brackish water snails with an operculum; they are in the order Littorinimorpha.

Hydrobiidae
Peringia ulvae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Clade: Caenogastropoda
Clade: Hypsogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Superfamily: Truncatelloidea
Family: Hydrobiidae
Stimpson, 1865

Distribution

Hydrobiidae are found in much of the world, inhabiting all continents except Antarctica. In Australia alone there are over 260 species in the family.[1]

Description

These are very small or minute snails, with a shell height of less than 8 mm. The dextrally-coiled shells are smooth (except for growth lines conforming to the shape of the outer lip) and are usually rather nondescript. The shell offers very few robust characteristics to the systematist who is attempting to classify the species within this family. This difficulty is compounded by a high degree of intraspecific variation. Descriptions often have to be based on the characteristics of the operculum, radula and penis.

The shell of species within this family varies from planispiral to needle-shaped. The shell may have an open umbilicus or a plugged umbilicus. The thickness of the shell can vary from thin to fairly solid. The shell may be transparent and horn-colored, or colorless.

The number of whorls in the shell varies between two and eight. The shell can sometimes even assume a corkscrew or hornlike shape by loosening of the attachment of body whorl. The periostracum (outer layer of the shell) is usually thin, and is often colored. It can sometimes show hair-like projections.

The sinuous aperture is entire, not interrupted by a siphonal canal or other extensions. It is sometimes thickened. The protoconch is usually shaped like a dome, and usually shows a few spirals.

The corneous operculum is usually well-formed and shows only a few spirals.

The head, foot, mantle and visceral coil are colored pale gray to dark purple-black with melanin pigments. Subterranean species are often unpigmented.

The strong foot can be retracted into the shell. The mucous glands are situated at the anterior edge of the foot. There are no posterior mucous glands. The symmetrical cephalic tentacles are threadlike, with blunt or rounded tips. The eyes are located at the base of the tentacles.

The ctenidium (a comblike respiratory apparatus) goes along most of the length of the pallial cavity. This respiratory gill consists of 10 to 200 triangular filaments. The osphradium, the olfactory organ linked with the respiration organ, is usually relatively small.

The taenioglossate radula consists of more than fifty rows of teeth. The central tooth is trapezoidal. The lateral teeth have few to numerous cusps. The marginal teeth are usually with numerous cusps.

The species usually have both male and female individuals, but very rarely reproduction may be parthenogenic, caused by internal fertilization. The females lay eggs in single capsules on the leaves or stems of water plants. But sometimes they produce eggs that are hatched within the pallial gonoduct of the body, and in these cases the young are born alive. Species that inhabit estuaries sometimes produce veliger larvae.

The fossil record of this family extends back to the Early Carboniferous.[2]

Ecology

Habitat

Most species of this family live in freshwater (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams), but some are found in brackish water or at the borders between freshwater and brackish water. A few occur in marine environments on sandy or muddy bottoms between algae and sea grass.

Feeding habits

These small snails feed on algae, diatoms and detritus.

Taxonomy

This is the largest family within the superfamily Truncatelloidea. At one time or another some 400 genera have been assigned to this family, and probably more than 1,000 species.[2] This family was originally named by Troschel in 1857, as the group Hydrobiae. Troschel was not certain of their rank, and he placed them in the Taenioglossata: Ctenobranchiata between the Lithoglyphi and Ancyloti.[2] Over the years there have been numerous attempts to give an adequate and more finely divided classification. Thiele (1925, 1929 and 1931) set up the most comprehensive classification, with a review of the family at generic level.

Notable works about taxonomy of Hydrobiidae includes works by Radoman, for example Radoman (1983).[3]

The classification, as specified by Kabat and Hershler (1993),[2] does not form a monophyletic group, and was in need of revision.

A study by Wilke et al. (2001)[4] using molecular data from COI (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and 18S genes has resulted in a new tentative set of subfamilies: Hydrobiinae, Pseudamnicolinae, Nymphophilinae, Islamiinae and Horatiinae.

2005 taxonomy

The following subfamilies are recognized in the gastropod taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi from 2005:[5]

  • Hydrobiinae Stimpson, 1865 – synonyms: Paludestrinidae Newton, 1891; Pyrgorientaliinae Radoman, 1977; Pseudocaspiidae Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1983
  • Belgrandiinae de Stefani, 1877 – synonyms: Horatiini D. W. Taylor, 1966; Sadlerianinae Radoman, 1973; Pseudohoratiinae Radoman, 1973; Orientaliidae Radoman, 1973 (inv.); Lithoglyphulidae Radoman, 1973; Orientalinidae Radoman, 1978 (inv.); Belgrandiellinae Radoman, 1983; Dabrianidae Starobogatov, 1983; Istrianidae Starobogatov, 1983; Kireliinae Starobogatov, 1983; lanzaiidae Starobogatov, 1983; Tanousiidae Starobogatov, 1983; Bucharamnicolinae Izzatulaev, Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1985; Martensamnicolinae Izzatulaev, Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1985; Turkmenamnicolinae Izzatulaev, Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1985
  • Clenchiellinae D. W. Taylor, 1966[6]
  • Islamiinae Radoman, 1973
  • Nymphophilinae D. W. Taylor, 1966[6]
  • Pseudamnicolinae Radoman, 1977
  • Pyrgulinae Brusina, 1882 (1869)[7] – synonyms: Caspiidae B. Dybowski, 1913; Microliopalaeinae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1914; Micromelaniidae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1914; Turricaspiinae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1915; Liosarmatinae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1920; Chilopyrgulinae Radoman, 1973; Micropyrgulidae Radoman, 1973; Falsipyrgulinae Radoman, 1983; Ohridopyrgulinae Radoman, 1983; Prosostheniinae Pana, 1989
  • Tateinae Thiele, 1925[8] – synonyms: Potamopyrgidae F. C. Baker, 1928; Hemistomiinae Thiele, 1929

The Amnicolidae and Cochliopidae are considered as distinct families according to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).[5]

Genera
  • Belgrandiellinae Radoman, 1983
    • Arganiella Giusti & Pezzoli, 1980
    • Balkanica Georgiev, 2011
    • Balkanospeum Georgiev, 2012
    • Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1928
    • Boleana Radoman, 1975
    • Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882
    • Cavernisa Radoman, 1978
    • Cilgia Schütt, 1968
    • Costellina Kuščer, 1933
    • Devetakia Georgiev & Glöer, 2011
    • Devetakiola Georgiev, 2017
    • Graziana Radoman, 1975
    • Heraultiella Bodon, Manganelli & Giusti, 2002
    • Insignia Angelov, 1972
    • Istriana Velkovrh, 1971
    • Iverakia Glöer & Pešić, 2014
    • Kerkia Radoman, 1978
    • Kolevia Georgiev & Glöer, 2015
    • Lanzaia Brusina, 1906
    • Lanzaiopsis Bole, 1989
    • Meyrargueria Girardi, 2009
    • Microstygia Georgiev & Glöer, 2015
    • Palacanthilhiopsis Bernasconi, 1988
    • Phreatica Velkovrh, 1970
    • Plagigeyeria Tomlin, 1930
    • Pontobelgrandiella Radoman, 1978
    • Sarajana Radoman, 1975
    • Saxurinator Schütt, 1960
    • Stoyanovia Georgiev, 2017
    • Zeteana Glöer & Pešić, 2014
  • Belgrandiinae de Stefani, 1877
    • Agrafia Szarowska & Falniowski, 2011
    • Antibaria Radoman, 1983
    • Belchatovia Kadolsky & Piechocki, 2000 †
    • Belgrandia Bourguignat, 1870
    • Bracenica Radoman, 1973
    • Cyclothyrella Neubauer, Mandic, Harzhauser & Hrvatović, 2013 †
    • Dalmatella Velkovrh, 1970
    • Dalmatinella Radoman, 1973
    • Daphniola Radoman, 1973
    • Gloeria Georgiev, Dedov & Cheshmedjiev, 2012
    • Gocea Hadžišče, 1956
    • Graecoanatolica Radoman, 1973
    • Graecorientalia Radoman, 1983
    • Grossuana Radoman, 1983
    • Guadiella Boeters, 2003
    • Hadziella Kuščer, 1932
    • Hauffenia Pollonera, 1898
    • Isimerope Radea & Parmakelis, 2013
    • Karucia Glöer & Pešić, 2013
    • Litthabitella Boeters, 1970
    • Lyhnidia Radoman, 1962
    • Malaprespia Radoman, 1973
    • Martinietta Schlickum, 1974 †
    • Microprososthenia Kadolsky & Piechocki, 2000 †
    • Montenegrospeum Pešić & Glöer, 2013
    • Myrtoessa Radea, 2016
    • Narentiana Radoman, 1973
    • Ohridohauffenia Hadžišče, 1959
    • Ohridohoratia Hadžišče, 1959
    • Ohrigocea Hadžišče, 1959
    • Plesiella Boeters, 2003
    • Prespiana Radoman, 1973
    • Prespolitorea Radoman, 1983
    • Pseudavenionia Bodon & Giusti, 1982
    • Pseudohoratia Radoman, 1967
    • Pseudoislamia Radoman, 1979
    • Strugia Radoman, 1973
    • Sumia Glöer & Mrkvicka, 2015
    • Tarraconia Ramos & Arconada, 2000
    • Terranigra Radoman, 1978
    • Trichonia Schütt, 1980
    • Turcorientalia Radoman, 1973
    • Zaumia Radoman, 1983
  • Caspiinae B. Dybowski, 1913
    • Caspia Clessin & W. Dybowski, 1887
  • Horatiinae D.W. Taylor, 1966
    • Anagastina Radoman, 1978
    • Graecoarganiella Falniowski & Szarowska, 2011
    • Horatia Bourguignat, 1887
    • Pezzolia Bodon & Giusti, 1986
    • Radomaniola Szarowska, 2007
    • Sadleriana Clessin, 1890
    • Sardohoratia Manganelli, Bodon, Cianfanelli, Talenti & Giusti, 1998
    • Tanousia Servain, 1881
    • Vinodolia Radoman, 1973
A shell of Peringia ulvae
  • Hydrobiinae Stimpson, 1865
    • Adriohydrobia Radoman, 1977
    • Ecrobia Stimpson, 1865
    • Hydrobia W. Hartmann, 1821
    • Peringia Paladilhe, 1874
    • Romania Cossmann, 1913 †
    • Salenthydrobia Wilke, 2003
  • Incertae sedis
    • Anatolidamnicola Şahin, Koca & Yildirim, 2012
    • Andrusovia Brusina in Westerlund, 1902
    • Antillobia Altaba, 1993
    • Arabiella Kadolsky, Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016 †
    • Austropyrgus Cotton, 1942
    • Baglivia Brusina, 1892 †
    • Bania Brusina, 1896 †
    • Beddomeia Petterd, 1889
    • Beogradica Pavlović, 1927 †
    • Brasovia Neubauer, Kroh, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2015 †
    • Bullaregia Khalloufi, Béjaoui & Delicado, 2017
    • Caspiohydrobia Starobogatov, 1970
    • Chirgisia Glöer, Boeters & Pešić, 2014
    • Coelacanthia Andrusov, 1890 †
    • Ctyrokya Schlickum, 1965 †
    • Fonscochlea Ponder, Hershler & Jenkins, 1989
    • Goniochilus Sandberger, 1875 †
    • Gyromelania Wenz, 1939 †
    • Heterocyclus Crosse, 1872
    • Illyricella Neubauer, Mandic & Harzhauser, 2016 †
    • Intermaria Delicado, Pešić & Glöer, 2016
    • Iraklimelania Willmann, 1981 †
    • Jekeliella Bandel, 2010 †
    • Kadolskya Neubauer & Harzhauser, 2016 †
    • Kaskakia Glöer & Pešić, 2012
    • Kerchia Bandel, 2010 †
    • Lisinskia Brusina, 1897 †
    • Littoridinops Pilsbry, 1952
    • Lutetiella Kadolsky, 2015 †
    • Microbeliscus Sandberger, 1875 †
    • Micromelania Brusina, 1874 †
    • Mikrogoniochilus Willmann, 1981 †
    • Motsametia Vinarski, Palatov & Glöer, 2014
    • Muellerpalia Bandel, 2010 †
    • Navalis Quiñonero-Salgado & Rolán, 2017
    • Nematurella Sandberger, 1875 †
    • Neohoratia Schütt, 1961
    • Nicolaia Glöer, Bößneck, Walther & Neiber, 2016
    • Odontohydrobia Pavlović, 1927 †
    • Parhydrobia Cossmann & Dollfus, 1913
    • Persipyrgula Delicado, Pešić & Glöer, 2016
    • Pontohoratia Vinarski, Palatov & Glöer, 2014
    • Pontohydrobia Badzoshvili, 1979 †
    • Probythinella Thiele, 1928
    • Prososthenia Neumayr, 1869 †
    • Pseudamnicola Paulucci, 1878
    • Pseudocaspia Starobogatov, 1972
    • Pseudopaludinella Mabille, 1877
    • Pyrgulella Harzhauser, Neubauer & Kadolsky in Harzhauser et al., 2016 †
    • Rhodopyrgula Willmann, 1981 †
    • Robicia Brusina, 1897 †
    • Saccoia Brusina, 1893 †
    • Salakosia Willmann, 1981 †
    • Salalahia Kadolsky, Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016 †
    • Sarkhia Glöer & Pešić, 2012
    • Scalimelania Wenz, 1939 †
    • Sellia Raincourt, 1884
    • Shadinia Akramowski, 1976
    • Sivasi Şahin, Koca & Yildirim, 2012
    • Socenia Jekelius, 1944 †
    • Staja Brusina, 1897 †
    • Stalioa Brusina, 1870 †
    • Staliopsis Rzehak, 1893 †
    • Tefennia Schütt & Yildirim, 2003
    • Torosia Glöer & Georgiev, 2012
    • Tournouerina Schlickum, 1971 †
    • Vrazia Brusina, 1897 †
    • Wuconcha Kang, 1983
    • Xestopyrguloides Willmann, 1981 †
  • Islamiinae Radoman, 1973
    • Alzoniella Giusti & Bodon, 1984
    • Avenionia Nicolas, 1882
    • Boetersiella Arconada & Ramos, 2001
    • Chondrobasis Arconada & Ramos, 2001
    • Corbellaria Callot-Girardi & Boeters, 2012
    • Fissuria Boeters, 1981
    • Iberhoratia Arconada & Ramos, 2007
    • Islamia Radoman, 1973
    • Josefus Arconada & Ramos, 2006
    • Milesiana Arconada & Ramos, 2006
    • Pauluccinella Giusti & Pezzoli, 1990
    • Spathogyna Arconada & Ramos, 2002
  • Mercuriinae Boeters & Falkner, 2017
  • Pseudamnicolinae Radoman, 1977
    • Corrosella Boeters, 1970
    • Diegus Delicado, Machordom & Ramos, 2016
    • Falniowskia Bernasconi, 1991
    • Graecamnicola Willmann, 1981 †
  • Pyrgulinae E. von Martens, 1858
    • Chilopyrgula Brusina, 1896
    • Dianella Gude, 1913
    • Ginaia Brusina, 1896
    • Maeotidia Andrusov, 1890 †
    • Marticia Brusina, 1897 †
    • Micropyrgula Polinski, 1929
    • Neofossarulus Poliński, 1929
    • Ohridopyrgula Radoman, 1983
    • Pseudodianella Neubauer, Mandic, Harzhauser & Hrvatović, 2013 †
    • Pyrgohydrobia Radoman, 1955
    • Pyrgula de Cristofori & Jan, 1832
    • Stankovicia Poliński, 1929
    • Trachyochridia Poliński, 1929
    • Turricaspia B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1915
    • Xestopyrgula Poliński, 1929

Notes
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    gollark: Daylight saving time: because if someone is unhappy with how their work hours line up with sunlight or something, the obvious solution is to meddle with the fabric of time itself and cause untold hundreds of issues in computer programs everywhere.
    gollark: That sounds about as sensible as daylight saving time.
    gollark: There are quite a lot of laws *in general*, enough that you can't practically know what they all are.

    References
    1. Ponder W. F.; Walker K. F. (January 2003). "From mound springs to mighty rivers: The conservation status of freshwater molluscs in Australia". Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management. 6 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1080/14634980301482.
    2. Kabat, Alan R.; Herhsler, Robert (1993). "The Prosobranch Snail Family Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissooidea): Review of Classification and Supraspecific Taxa" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 547: 1–94. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.547. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
    3. Radoman, P. (1983). Hydrobioidea a superfamily of Prosobranchia (Gastropoda). I. Systematics. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Monographs DXLVII, Department of Sciences 571: 1–256. book description.
    4. Wilke T.; Davis G. M.; Falniowski A.; Giusti F.; Bodon M.; Szarowska M. (2001). "Molecular systematics of Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rissooidea): testing monophyly and phylogenetic relationships". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 151 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0001:MSOHMG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0097-3157.
    5. Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
    6. Taylor D. W. (1966). The Veliger 9(2): 181, 199.
    7. Brusina (1882). Bulletino della Società Malacologica Italiana 7(13–19): 230.
    8. Thiele (1925). Handbuch der Zoologie 5(1): 80.
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