Hurricane Martha

Hurricane Martha has been the only known tropical cyclone to make landfall in Panama.[1] The eighteenth named storm and twelfth hurricane of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season, Martha developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 21. Initially, the storm developed with sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), skipping tropical depression status. It remained stationary and quickly intensified into a hurricane. Martha attained maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) on November 22. Subsequently, Martha weakened and drifted southward. On November 24, Martha made landfall in Veraguas Province, Panama, as a strong tropical storm. The system weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over land on November 25.

Hurricane Martha
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Martha just north of Panama on November 21
FormedNovember 21, 1969
DissipatedNovember 25, 1969
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 90 mph (150 km/h)
Lowest pressure979 mbar (hPa); 28.91 inHg
Fatalities5 direct
Damage$30 million (1969 USD)
Areas affectedPanama, Costa Rica
Part of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season

Because the storm weakened prior to landfall, strong winds were not expected or reported in the impacted countries. In Panama, more than 13 inches (330 mm) of precipitation may have fallen in some areas. Agricultural land was flooded in Almirante, Bocas del Toro and streets became inundated in low-lying areas of Puerto Armuelles, Chiriquí. The storm also brought significant rains to Costa Rica. Flooding and mudslides isolated most of the capital city of San José. Numerous streets were inundated in Golfito. Damage in Costa Rica reached $30 million (1969 USD) and 5 deaths were reported.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Winds aloft in the vicinity of San Andrés, Colombia and the Panama Canal Zone indicated that a low-level circulation developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 20.[2] According to the Best Track, Tropical Storm Martha formed at 1200 UTC on November 21, with an initial wind speed of 50 mph (85 km/h). Thus, Martha skipped tropical depression status. Centered about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Bocas Town, Bocas del Toro, the storm remained stationary for 24 hours after tropical cyclogenesis. Martha immediately began deepening, becoming a hurricane at 0000 UTC on November 22.[3] Operationally, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories at 0300 UTC and erroneously indicated that it was a tropical depression and noted that conditions did not favor significant intensification.[4] Later on November 22, a reconnaissance flight indicated Martha deepened to a compact hurricane,[2] and the tropical cyclone attained a maximum sustained wind speed of 90 mph (150 km/h).[3] Reconnaissance aircraft measured a minimum barometric pressure of 980 mbar (29 inHg),[5] though it was later corrected to 979 mbar (28.92 inHg) in the post-season analysis.[2][3]

The eye feature was about 46 miles (74 km) wide and it was described as poorly organized, although convection was increasing.[6] After reaching peak intensity, Martha began drifting due south and slowly weakened. At 1200 UTC on November 23, the tropical cyclone diminished to a tropical storm, after winds decreased to 70 mph (110 km/h)[3] and a reconnaissance flight recorded an increased barometric pressure of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg).[7] The storm maintained that intensity, and shortly before 1800 UTC on November 24, Martha made landfall in rural Veraguas Province, Panama, about 10 miles (16 km) east of the mouth of the Calovebora River.[3] Operationally, winds were thought to be only 50 mph (85 km/h) when the storm moved inland.[8] Martha was the only tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in Panama,[9] although it is possible that other Panama tropical cyclones were not detected.[2] The storm rapidly weakened inland, deteriorating to tropical depression status early on November 25, twelve hours before dissipating over southern Ngöbe-Buglé Comarca.[3]

Preparations and impact

Residents were warned to anticipate tides 5 feet (1.5 m) above normal near the expected point of landfall.[10] Later, the forecast was decreased to 3 feet (0.9 m) above normal and pertained to tides in the Mosquito Gulf and Chiriqui Lagoon. Since Martha was a relatively weak tropical cyclone, flash floods were emphasized as the greatest threat. The National Hurricane Center stated that rainfall could exceed 10 inches (254 mm).[11] Additionally, Arnold Sugg of National Hurricane Center warned residents of gale force winds and heavy precipitation, advising people living between Bluefields, Nicaragua and Almirante, Bocas del Toro, Panama to take precautions.[12]

In Panama, the storm dropped at least 13 inches (330 mm) of precipitation, especially in the western portions of the country. As a result, at least half of agricultural land in Almirante, Bocas del Toro, was flooded, causing extensive crop damage. In Puerto Armuelles, Chiriquí, persistent rainfall led to street flooding and inundated other areas. Similar conditions were reported in Golfito, Costa Rica.[13] The effects of Martha resulted in five deaths, all of which occurred in Costa Rica. The nation incurred flooding from heavy rainfall, which caused significant destruction. The capital city of San José received flooding. In all, damages were estimated near $30 million (1969 USD).[2]

gollark: I remember I contraapioformically tried to make oxygen using electrolyzers, and I needed highly impractical amounts of them.
gollark: Hmm, that reminds me, AR makes it VERY bee to make oxygen in-situ.
gollark: I would like *a* space mod, as the GTech™ space station could use orbital bombardment.
gollark: Is AR better perfwise?
gollark: And it has unfathomable quantities of weird multiblocks.

See also

References
  1. Jeff Masters (November 16, 2009). "The Atlantic hurricane season is effectively over; heavy rains in the Northwest". Weather Underground. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  2. Robert H. Simpson and Arnold L. Sugg (April 1970). The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969 (PDF) (Report). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. pp. 297 and 305. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2008). Atlantic hurricane best track (1851–2007) (TXT) (Report). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  4. Neil L. Frank (November 22, 1969). Tropical Depression Bulletin (JPG) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  5. Gull 30 Cyclone (Martha) II (JPG) (Report). National Hurricane Center. November 22, 1969. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  6. Gull Three Martha Post Flight Summary (JPG) (Report). National Hurricane Center. November 24, 1969. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  7. "Navy 1 Martha 17". National Hurricane Center. November 23, 1969. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  8. John R. Hope (November 24, 1969). Tropical Storm Advisory Number 9 Martha (JPG) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  9. "Tropical Storm Martha puts ashore in Panama for 'first'". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. November 25, 1969. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  10. Raymond H. Kraft (November 23, 1969). National Hurricane Center Tropical Storm Advisory Number 6 Martha (JPG) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  11. Neil L. Frank (November 23, 1969). National Hurricane Center Tropical Storm Advisory Number 7 Martha (JPG) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  12. "Martha Blusters Belatedly". The Palm Beach Post. Associated Press. November 23, 1969. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  13. I. V. Chapman, Jr. (May 28, 1970). 1969 (JPG) (Report). United Fruit Company. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
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