Houli culture

The Houli culture (6500–5500 BC[1]) was a Neolithic culture in Shandong, China. The people of the culture lived in square, semi-subterranean houses. The most commonly found artefacts at Houli sites are pottery and stone tools.[2] Jade artefacts and bone, antler, shell tools were also found at Houli sites.[2] While the remains of domesticated dogs and pigs in the early stages of domestication were found at some sites associated with the culture, the people of the Houli culture relied mostly on hunting and fishing.[2] The remains of rice, broomcorn millet, and foxtail millet were discovered at Houli sites.[2]

Houli culture

Geographical range	Shandong
Period	Neolithic China
Dates	c. 6500 – c. 5500 BC
Type site	Houli
Major sites	Yuezhuang
Followed by	Beixin culture
Chinese name
Chinese	后李文化
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hòulǐ wénhuà

The type site at Houli was discovered in the Linzi District of Shandong and was excavated from 1989 to 1990. The culture was followed by the Beixin culture.

Currently, about a dozen sites have been found to be associated with the Houli culture. Five sites from the culture have been excavated so far.[3] Aside from the type site at Houli, excavations have also taken place at Xihe, Xiaojingshan, Qianbuxia, and Yuezhang.[2]

The Yuezhang site

Archaeologists excavated domesticated millet from the Yuezhuang site.[4] The millet found at Yuezhuang was predominately broomcorn millet and dated to around 8000 BP, making it one of the earliest sites in China to show evidence of millet cultivation.[5] Rice grains were also found at the site.[6][lower-alpha 1] The carbonized rice was dated using AMS radiocarbon dating to 8010-7700 BP.[2] Footed stone grinding slabs, in a style identical to those found at the Peiligang culture, were discovered at Yuezhang.[2] This similarity is most likely due to technological transfer.[2] No evidence for domesticated animals were found at Yuezhang, as the animal bones found at the site all came from wild animals.[2]

See also

• List of Neolithic cultures of China
• Peiligang culture

Notes

1. unable to confirm as domesticated rice per Wang 2013

References

1. Liu 2004, p. 193.
2. Wang 2013.
3. Liu & Chen 2012, p. 138.
4. Crawford, G. W., X. Chen, and J. Wang Houli Culture Rice from the Yuezhuang Site, Jinan. Kaogu [Archaeology] 3:247-251, 2006. (In Chinese)
5. Liu & Chen 2012, p. 83.
6. Liu & Chen 2012, p. 140.

Bibliography

• Allan, Sarah (ed), The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective, ISBN 0-300-09382-9
• Liu, Li (2004). The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81184-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64310-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Wang, Fen (2013). "Chapter 19: The Houli and Beixin Cultures". In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.). A Companion to Chinese Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 389–410. ISBN 978-1-4443-3529-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)