Honoré Jackson

Honoré Jaxon
Honoré Jaxon
	Honoré Jaxon, 1907, Chicago
Born	May 3, 1861; Toronto, Canada West
Died	January 10, 1952 (aged 90); New York City
Nationality	Canadian
Other names	Jaxon, William Henry Jackson
Citizenship	Canadian
Education	University of Toronto
Employer	Louis Riel
Known for	Secretary to Louis Riel during the North-West Rebellion in Canada, participant in Coxey's Army
Home town	Wingham, Ontario, Canada
Spouse(s)	Aimée

William Henry Jackson (May 3, 1861 – January 10, 1952), also known as Honoré Jackson or Jaxon, was secretary to Louis Riel during the North-West Rebellion in Canada in 1885. He was married to Aimée, a former teacher in Chicago.[1]

He was born in Toronto, Canada West to a Methodist family but several years later his family moved to Wingham, Ontario. Jackson later attended the University of Toronto for 3 years; however, due to his fathers bankruptcy, he was unable to complete his last year.[2] In 1881 he moved to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (then part of the Northwest Territories), where he soon began to sympathize with the Métis and their struggle against the Canadian government, though he was not a Métis himself. Jackson became personal secretary to Louis Riel when Riel returned to Canada in 1884, and the two organized a Métis militia and made plans for a provisional government. Open fighting broke out between the disgruntled Metis and police forces/armed civilian volunteers on March 18 at Duck Lake.

That same day (18 March 1885), Jackson was baptised Catholic by Father Fourmond. Riel stood as godfather for the ceremony and gave him the name "Honoré Joseph Jaxon". The next day Riel declared the establishment of a provisional government (see Exovedate).

However, Jackson's mental health was affected by the religious event, and by the turmoil and excitement of open rebellion, and within days, Riel imprisoned Jackson, perhaps thinking he had gone insane but also fearing that his eccentric religious ideas and his support for Henry George's radical philosophical ideas against private ownership of land may cause discord within his (Riel's) followers.[3] Later during the rebellion, Riel released Jackson.

He was captured when Canadian government troops overcame the last Metis resistance in the Battle of Batoche ending on May 12, 1885. He was tried for treason, but found not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to an insane asylum in Lower Fort Garry, near Winnipeg, Manitoba. He escaped the asylum on November 2 and fled to the United States.

Once there, he changed his name to Honoré Jaxon and joined the labour union movement in Chicago, Illinois and was active in socialist circles as well. He also decided to lie about his identity and told others he was a Métis. In 1894 he was part of Coxey's Army, which marched to Washington, DC to demand an eight-hour workday. In 1897 he converted to the Baháʼí Faith and oriented his concerns to Canada.[4][5][6]

He returned to Canada briefly between 1907-1909, spending some of the time interviewing former participants of the Rebellion and addressing labour/socialist meetings. He returned to the United States, eventually moving to New York City. He collected books, newspapers, and pamphlets relating to the Métis people in an attempt to establish in their honour a museum in New York. However, years went by and he slipped into poverty and extreme old age. He was evicted from his apartment on December 12, 1951, and his collection (considered unimportant by the city) was sold as waste paper.[7] He died a month later.

References

Messamore, Barbara J. (Autumn 2011). "Review of Honoré Jaxon: Prairie Visionary, by Donald B. Smith" (PDF). Journal of Historical Biography. 10: 134–137. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Francis, Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald; Wardhaugh, Robert (2012). Destinies Canadian History since Confederation. United States of America: Nelson. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-17-650251-5.
Beal and Macleod, Prairie Fire, p. 132-33; Donatien Fremont, The Secretaries of Riel (1985), p. 103-106
Smith, Donald B (2007). Honore Jaxon: Prairie Visionary. Coteau Books. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-1-55050-367-8.
Will C. van den Hoonaard (30 October 2010). The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada, 1898-1948. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 18–35. ISBN 978-1-55458-706-3.
Stockman, Robert (1985). The Baha'i Faith in America. 1, Origins 1892-1900. Wilmette, Il.: Baha'i Publishing Trust. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-87743-199-X.
Smith 2007, p. iii.

Smith, Donald B. (1981). Honoré Joseph Jaxon. A Man Who Lived for Others. Saskatchewan History 34:(3) 81–?.
Donald B. Smith. Honore Jaxon: Prairie Visionary, Regina, Coteau Books, 2007.
Bob Beal and Rod Macleod, Prairie Fire: the 1885 North-West Rebellion, second edition, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1994.

External links

William Henry Jackson in the Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
William Henry Jackson in Radio-Canada's "De remarquables oubliés"

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[1] Messamore, Barbara J. (Autumn 2011). "Review of Honoré Jaxon: Prairie Visionary, by Donald B. Smith" (PDF). Journal of Historical Biography. 10: 134–137. Retrieved 16 February 2013.

[2] Francis, Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald; Wardhaugh, Robert (2012). Destinies Canadian History since Confederation. United States of America: Nelson. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-17-650251-5.

[3] Beal and Macleod, Prairie Fire, p. 132-33; Donatien Fremont, The Secretaries of Riel (1985), p. 103-106

[4] Smith, Donald B (2007). Honore Jaxon: Prairie Visionary. Coteau Books. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-1-55050-367-8.

[5] Will C. van den Hoonaard (30 October 2010). The Origins of the Baháʼí Community of Canada, 1898-1948. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 18–35. ISBN 978-1-55458-706-3.

[6] Stockman, Robert (1985). The Baha'i Faith in America. 1, Origins 1892-1900. Wilmette, Il.: Baha'i Publishing Trust. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-87743-199-X.

[7] Smith 2007, p. iii.