Holyoke Testing Flume

The Holyoke Testing Flume was a hydraulic testing laboratory and apparatus in Holyoke, Massachusetts, operated by the Holyoke Water Power Company from 1870 to 1932, and used to test the performance of water turbine designs, completing 3,176 tests of efficiency in that time.[3]:100 It was described by Robert E. Horton in court testimony as the only facility of its kind in the 19th and early 20th century, which made it possible for the standardization of American turbine designs.[4] Indeed Clemens Herschel, who managed and redesigned the facility in the 1880s, later described it in Congressional testimony as the "first modern hydraulic laboratory" in the United States and the world.[5] It was through Herschel's need to determine the water power consumption of different mills, and in this testing system that he would invent the Venturi meter, the first accurate means of measuring large-scale flows, which still retains widespread use in modern technology today.[5][6]

Holyoke Testing Flume
The testing flume as seen from Race Street, circa 1895
Established1870 (1870)
Research typeIndustrial
Field of research
Hydraulic engineering
Director
Address102 Cabot Street
LocationHolyoke, Massachusetts, U.S.
42.199580°N 72.609826°W / 42.199580; -72.609826
CampusHolyoke Canal System
AffiliationsHolyoke Water Power Company
Map
Location in Holyoke
Holyoke Testing Flume (Massachusetts)
Holyoke Testing Flume (the United States)

Research programs
Workers at their stations prior to testing a turbine wheel design, c. 1895

In a 1906 report the research mission for the facility was described as threefold:[7][8]

1. The testing of all wheels installed in conjunction with the water power at Holyoke, in order that their discharge capacity may be determined and used as a means of estimating the quantity of water taken by the several mills.

2. The testing of experimental wheels with a view to their improvement.

3. [The t]esting of standard patterns of American type turbines which are to be installed in new plants.

History

Emerson's predecessors
James Emerson, the first to manage the testing flume was entirely self-taught in hydrodynamics

The origins of the Holyoke Water Power Company's testing flume and its subsequent success are inextricably linked with the industrial progress that preceded Holyoke in the history of Lowell, Massachusetts. In 1868, a testing flume was constructed by one Asa M. Swain to the specifications of noted-turbine engineer James B. Francis. Initially this flume was designed to test the designs of the Swain Turbine Company with James B. Emerson, a former ship captain and self-taught civil engineer, commissioned to construct a Prony brake dynamometer for it and oversee efficiency experiments. Following its initial success however, the flume was opened to the public with Emerson operating it as a personal endeavor, furnishing funds for the use of Lowell water in its experiments.[7]:24 Among the first tests conducted thereafter were a series of competitive trials to find designs with the greatest efficiency, with the Swain and Leffel wheels attaining the best results. Though Emerson would later discount the figures these tests generated, upon hearing the initial success of the competition, he was contacted by a Mr. Stewart Chase, agent for the Holyoke Water Power Company, who wrote:[9]

The testing of turbines is the only way to perfection, and that is a matter of great importance. Move your work to Holyoke and use all the water that is necessary for the purpose, and welcome, free of charge.

Legacy

The Holyoke Testing Flume ultimately revolutionized the development of water turbines in the United States, and from the 1880s until the 1920s was prominent in that industry as a standard test for American manufacturers.[10] Its tests would be cited in superior court cases in the United States as the standard by which turbine wheel efficiencies were measured, into the early 20th century.[1][11] The Testing Flume and its experiments would also be responsible for the improvement of the efficiency and cost-reduction of Francis turbines under James B. Emerson, as well as the development and testing of the first modern mixed-flow turbine, the Hercules, by John B. McCormick.[12][13] It was also at the Testing Flume that James B. Francis developed his weir formula for measuring the efficiency of turbines,[14] however this formula, though widely used in America, was a point of contention between American and European engineers, with differences of efficiency readings found between the Holyoke flume and counterparts in Germany.[15] Such a standard measurement of flow efficiencies also enabled factories and governments to use the power measurements of turbines to determine, to a degree, the amount of leakage in flumes and dams across the United States.[16]

The scaling up of electricity generation to much greater horsepower demands made the apparatus and its components obsolete, as even the most minor fluctuations in output had greater consequences in output measurements. However, ultimately the apparatus would play a key role in the invention of the Venturi meter, the first accurate means of measuring large-scale flows, and indirectly was part of the technological progression which led to the development of the combustion turbine and jet engines.[10]

In recent years Holyoke Gas & Electric has sought to capitalize on this testing legacy. In 2018 it was announced that local Framingham based turbine designer PDI, Inc., had received a grant to manufacture a new turbine wheel type with the city's Cofab Engineering firm, testing said prototype in one of the Canal locks as part of HG&E's Clean Energy Test Bed Initiative.[17]

Although the flume itself and its mechanical components were defunct by 1932, since the 1950s the Holyoke Gas & Electric Company has maintained its original building as an electrical substation, serving the city's ratepayers with hydropower and other renewably-sourced electricity.[18][3]

Successors

As late as 1910 the laboratory was described as the only one of its kind used to test the efficiency of water turbines but, by 1930, it was one of at least 63 hydraulic laboratories in the United States, several of which had modern facilities.[19][20] Despite eventual obsolescence of this type of flume, it would inspire a number of successors, including brief discussion in Congress of a proposed federal hydraulic laboratory.[20]

Today the oldest hydraulic laboratory in the United States, the Alden Research Laboratory, continues to operate in Holden, Massachusetts. The laboratory's namesake, George I. Alden, would develop a novel dynamometer, the Alden dynamometer, which was tested extensively at the Flume.[19] In addition to contemporary research, the laboratory is home to one of the pioneering Venturi meters, exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition.

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gollark: <@331320482047721472> Correct, bee.

See also

Notes
  1. In a 1915 court deposition Sickman was described as the hydraulic engineer in charge of hydraulic testing but his counsel objected to him being described as the "chief hydraulic engineer" despite having no superiors.[1]

References
  1. Hydraulic Power Company of Niagara Falls v. Pettebone - Cataract Paper Company. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 1915. p. 125. [Mr. Franchot to Albert F. Sickman:] Q. Are you the chief hydraulic engineer in charge of the Holyoke Water Power Company's work at Holyoke, Mass.?
    Mr. Marshall: I object to that conclusion. Counsel is trying to put in his mount a certain loud sounding title which he does not possess...
    [Mr. Franchot] Q. The question is, what are you?
    [Sickman] A. Hydraulic Engineer in charge of the Holyoke Water Power Company's hydraulic work.
  2. Herschel, Clemens (1916). "Twenty Years' Run-Off, at Holyoke, Mass., of the Connecticut River". Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers: 28. While Hydraulic Engineer of the Holyoke Water Power Company, 1879–1889, the writer instituted a system of keeping a daily record of the discharge of the Connecticut River at Holyoke, which was continued after his departure, by his old-time assistant and successor, A. F. Sickman...
    • "Club and Personal Affairs at Holyoke". Springfield Republican. September 20, 1925. p. 5. Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Sickman of Lincoln street are home from Montreal where they attended the convention of the New England Water Works association which was held in that city
    • "Collection of Ferns is Given to Museum". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. December 5, 1927. p. 9. Mr. Sickman was a great nature lover...during the last days of his life he paid particular attention to the collection of wild ferns.
  3. Barrett, Robert E. The History of the Holyoke Water Power Company; A Subsidiary of Northeast Utilities, 1859-1967 (PDF). Holyoke, Mass. – via Holyoke Gas & Electric.
  4. New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs. New York [State] Court of Appeals. 1919. pp. 618–619.
  5. To Establish a National Hydraulic Laboratory. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, US Government Printing Office (GPO). 1922. pp. 58–60.
  6. Herschel, Clemens (1898). The Venturi Meter (PDF). Providence, R. I.: Builders Iron Foundry.
  7. Horton, Robert E. (1906). Turbine Water-Wheel Tests and Power Tables. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey (USGS); Government Printing Office.
  8. United States Congressional Set. CXII. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office (GPO). 1907. p. 36.
  9. Mead, Daniel Webster (1908). Water Power Engineering: The Theory, Investigation, and Development of Water Powers. New York: McGraw Publishing Co. pp. 361–370.
  10. Constant II, Edward W. (1980). The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 48–49.
  11. "Sanderson v. Trump Mfg. Co.". Reports of Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of the State of Indiana. CLXXX. 1914. pp. 211–212.
  12. Hawke, David Freeman. "VII. Science Steps In". Nuts and Bolts of the Past : A History of American Technology, 1776-1860. New York: Harper & Row. p. 198.
  13. Safford, Arthur T; Hamilton, Edward Pierce (1922). The American Mixed-Flow Turbine and It's Setting. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 1265–1266.
  14. Bureau of Reclamation, US Department of the Interior (1976). Selecting Hydraulic Reaction Turbines (PDF). p. 3. This modification of the Fourneyron turbine was improved by James Bichens Francis during his tests carried out at the Holyoke Testing Flume, where he developed his famous weir formula.
  15. "Causes of Lack of Progress Among American Turbine Builders". Engineering News. Vol. XLVIII no. 23. December 4, 1902. p. 466. It is not for the writer to say, which of these tests are right and which are wrong, but European engineers maintain, that the difference is due to the different methods of measurement. At Holyoke, the old Francis formula for flow of water over weirs is still in use, but this formula does not take into consideration a number of factors that have an important bearing on the result.
  16. Follansbee, Robert (1994). A History of the Water Resources Branch, U.S. Geological Survey: Volume I, From Predecessor Surveys to June 30, 1919 (PDF). I. Washington, D.C.: USGS, US Department of the Interior; US Government Printing Office (GPO). p. 78.
  17. "Massachusetts Awards PDI Grant to Test, Prototype and Deploy New Blade Design in Holyoke". PDI. September 26, 2018. HG&E, a municipal utility in Holyoke, Massachusetts, will work with Alden Labs in Holden, Massachusetts to conduct a velocity analysis of the Holyoke canal system and Hadley Falls Station tail race. This data will be used to develop a hydro system model that allows for analyses relative to projected hydrokinetic turbine performance. This model is an additional step in HG&E’s ongoing initiative to establish the Holyoke Canal System as a test bed for hydrokinetic demonstrations, with the long-term goal being commercial hydrokinetic development in existing hydroelectric station tailraces.
  18. Lotspeich, Charlie (June 4, 2009). "Water Power to the People of Holyoke". The Advocate. Northampton, Mass.: H.S. Gere & Sons, Inc.
  19. Allen, C. M. (April 26, 1910). "Testing Water Wheels after Installation; The Importance of Operating Water Wheels at Their Maximum Efficiency. The Alden Dynamometer and Some Results Obtained by Its Use at the Holyoke Testing Plant". Power and the Engineer. Vol. XXXII no. 1. p. 754.
  20. Congressional Record. Washington, D.C.: US Government Publishing Office (GPO). 1930. pp. 5654–5657.
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