Hog Island (New York)

Hog Island was the name of two islands near Long Island, New York until the 1890s. One is the present day Barnum Island, which includes the villages of Island Park and Harbor Isle in Nassau County. The other was a mile-long (1600 m) barrier island that existed to the south of Rockaway Beach in Queens before being mostly destroyed by the 1893 New York hurricane and completely lost to erosion and storm damage by 1902.

Map of Barnum Island, Nassau County (then known as Hog Island), 1873

Barnum Island
Main article: Barnum Island, New York

The Barnum Island/Island Park/Harbor Isle "Hog Island" was used by the Native Americans to raise pigs, once they had been introduced by Europeans and left to run feral. It later became a small farming area. In 1874 Sarah Ann Baldwin Barnum (unrelated to P.T. Barnum, despite local lore) purchased the property. A syndicate of businessmen were about to bid $70,000 for the property, but she persuaded the owner to sell it to her for use as a working farm, to house and employ the poor. While she made the purchase with $13,360 of her own money, she immediately resold it to the Queens County government for the same price; at the time, Nassau was part of Queens.

In 1898, the county closed the almshouse, and sold the property to developers for $40,000.

In 1926, much of the island was incorporated as the Village of Island Park. The remainder is still unincorporated: the northeast portion of the island continues to be known as Barnum Island, while the western portion is called Harbor Island. All three are part of the Town of Hempstead.[1]

Lost island

History

Sea movement built up a large sandbar. Reports suggest that it began to emerge from the ocean during the Civil War period.[2] It was about 1,000 feet south of the Rockaway shore. Eventually, it grew to about a mile long (parallel to the Rockaways) and several hundred feet wide. Shaped like a hogback, it came to be known as Hog Island, or sometimes as Far Rockaway Beach Island.

The island attracted developers of various seafront beach resort businesses, including leisure pavilions, bathing facilities, saloons, restaurants.[2][3] It was a favorite getaway of Tammany Hall politicians, and many "backroom deals" were actually concluded in the open air here.[2]

A winter storm in early 1893 severely damaged the island.[3][4] In late August 1893, several hurricanes were simultaneously active in the Atlantic Ocean. On August 22, 1893 strong waves covered Hog Island and reduced its size but left it generally intact, though accounts conflict on the level of damage.[3][5]

The following evening, overnight, a devastating hurricane made landfall in New York City, lasting from about 8:00 PM Wednesday to 8:00 AM on Thursday.[6] 30 foot (9m) waves were reported at Coney Island as far as 200 yards (180 m) inland, destroying the elevated railroad there, and the East River crested the sea wall in the Astoria district; waist-high water was reported in the streets of the City of Brooklyn.)[7]

Much of Hog Island disappeared. News reports included a dramatic rescue from the island.[7]

After the 1893 storm, some redevelopment occurred on the now-reduced Hog Island. It was further damaged in an 1896 storm,[8] and believed to have eroded in its entirety in 1902.[2]

Rediscovery

In the mid-1990s, after the nor'easters of December 1992 and March 1993 heavily damaged the coast of Rockaway, the Army Corps of Engineers began rebuilding Rockaway Peninsula beaches. They used sands dredged close to shore.[9] Professor Nicholas Coch of Queens College, along with local undergraduate students, was observing the work and its results, replenishing of the beaches along Rockaway when they noticed peculiar items along the coast. The group uncovered hundreds of different artifacts including whiskey bottles, beer mugs, and even a hurricane lamp. The majority of the items were dated around the late 19th century. Coch believes they came from Hog Island, but admits they could have been the result of the 1893 storm's devastation in other nearby resort areas.

Curious about their findings, the Queens College group started to unravel the history of Hog Island. Their research also led to a reassessment of the frequency of major hurricanes in the New York City area (see Analysis, below).[2][10]

Analysis

The city of New York has averaged a major hurricane approximately every 70 to 80 years throughout its history. It was predicted in 2005 that if the city were to be directly hit by another hurricane of the intensity of the one in 1893, which destroyed Hog Island, the damage was likely to be enormous.[10] In 2012, the effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York were very destructive but was not a worst-case scenario, especially in terms of wind. A landfalling Category 3 or higher would prove to be far more destructive.

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References
  1. Amon, Rhoda (September 30, 2007). "Life Was No Circus". Newsday.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  2. Onishi, Norimitsu (March 18, 1997). "Queens Spit Tried to Be a Resort but Sank in a Hurricane". New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  3. "ISLAND MOVING TO ARVERNE.; Far Rockaway's Outer Beach Being Washed Away by the Big Waves". The New York Times. August 22, 1893. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 3, 2017. The outer beach, known as Hog Island, was covered with water to-day at high tide, the waves washing over into the inlet. The storm of last Winter, which cut away the island, wrecking Craig's Pavilion and destroying a number of bathhouses, left only a narrow bar of what had once been a broad beach. Several times the wave have broken into the inlet in various places.
    The island was submerged for a considerable distance to-day. Caffrey's pavilion was surrounded and water covered the floors of Craig's saloon and restaurant. Only a few venturesome bathers attempted to breast the waves.
    It is said by old residents that this is the beginning of the end of Hog Island, and that the ocean will break on the shores of Far Rockaway, as it once did. The sand is being carried down to Arverne, where the beach is being continually widened by the deposits.
  4. ""Hog Island Overwhelmed," The Salt Lake Herald (Salt Lake City, Utah). 1893-01-07". The Salt Lake Herald. January 1, 1893. p. 1. Retrieved May 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com . Far Rockaway, L. I. Jan 6 - The high tides which accompanied the storm during the past thirty-six hours have almost overwhelmed Hog Island. Franks' pavilion and Gibson's bathing house were washed out to sea, and Caffrey's pavilion and other buildings damaged. It is feared if the storm continues the buildings or the beach will be washed away.
  5. "Hog Island Not Washing Away". The World. August 23, 1893. p. 9. Retrieved May 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com .
  6. "Swept by Wind and Rain". The New York Times. The New York Times. August 25, 1893. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2017 – via Newspapers.com . Alt URL
  7. RSGuskind. "In Honor of Hurricane Season: The Hog Island Story". The Gowanus Lounge. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2014.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. "Effects of the Storm Along the South Shore". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 7, 1896. p. 5. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  9. "New York City Hurricane". Mega Disasters. Season 1. Episode 3. History.
  10. "The Big One". New York Press. July 27, 2005. Retrieved February 25, 2010.

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