Hitodama

In Japanese folklore, Hitodama (Japanese 人魂; meaning "human soul") are balls of fire that mainly float in the middle of night.[1] They are said to be "souls of the dead that have separated from their bodies,"[1] which is where their name comes from.

Hitodama from the Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki by Toriyama Sekien

Summary

Hitodama are mentioned in literature from ancient times. In the Man'yōshū, there is the following poem:[1]

When you are alone and meet the complete blueness of a hitodama, you would naturally think of it as the sorrow[* 1] on a rainy night

— Man'yōshū (Amasaki book) Chapter 16[2]

They are frequently confused with onibi and kitsunebi, but since hitodama are considered to be the "appearance of souls that have left the body and fly through the air," they are strictly speaking a different general idea.

Concerning their shape and nature, there are common features throughout Japan, but some differences could also be seen depending on the area. They fly crawling along at an elevation that is not very high. They have a color that is blue, orange, or red, and also have a tail, but it can either be short or long. There are also a few that have been seen during daytime.

In the Okinawa Prefecture, hitodama are called tamagai, and in Nakijin, they are said to appear before a child is born[3] and in some areas are also said to be mysterious flames that drive off humans to death.[4]

In Kawakami, Inba District, Chiba Prefecture, (now Yachimata), hitodama are called tamase, and are said to come out of the body 2 or 3 days after a human dies, and go toward temples or people they have a deep relation with and are said to make a great sound in storm shutters and gardens, but it is said that this sound can only be heard by those who have a deep relation with the spirit. Also, for those who have not seen a tamase by the time they are 28 years of age, a tamase would come towards them saying "let's meet, let's meet (aimashou, aimashou)" so even those who have not seen one when they are 28 years old will pretend to have seen one.[5]

Theories

According to one theory, "since funerals before the war were burials, so it would be common for the phosphorus that come from the body to react to the rain water on rainy nights and produce light, and the meager knowledge about science from the masses produced the idea of hitodama."

Another possibility is that they come from fireflies, of which three species are common in Japan: Luciola cruciata (源氏 ホタル, Genji hotaru; meaning „Genji´s firefly“), Luciola lateralis (平家 ホタル, Heike hotaru; meaning "firefly from Heike"), and Colophotia praeusta. All these snail-eating beetles and their larvae are famous for their ability to make special body parts glow (bioluminescence) and make them blink rhythmically. Every year at the Fusa-park in Tokyo the legendary feast Hotarugari (蛍狩り; meaning "firefly catching") is celebrated. They have also been thought to possibly be misrecognitions of shooting stars, animals that have luminous bryophytes attached to them, gasses that come from swamps, light bulbs, or visual hallucinations. There have also been some "artificial hitodama" created using combustible gases (an experiment in 1976 by the Meiji University professor, Masao Yamana using methane gas).

In the 1980s, the Yoshiko Ootsuki posited the idea that they are "plasma from the air."[6]

However, there are some hitodama that cannot be explained by the above theories, so they are thought to come from various phenomena.

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See also

Notes
Translation note
  1. This 葉非左 is actually of unknown meaning and pronunciation, but "hahisa" means "sorrow" in Tamil.
References
  1. 広辞苑 第五版 p.2255 「人魂」
  2. 写真で原典の該当ページを見ることが可能。京都大学附属図書館所蔵　重要文化財『万葉集(尼崎本)』pp.77-78
  3. 民俗学研究所編著 (1955). 柳田國男監修 (ed.). 綜合日本民俗語彙. 第2巻. p. 894.
  4. 高橋恵子 (1998). 沖縄の御願ことば辞典. ボーダーインク. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-4-938923-58-7.
  5. 斉藤源三郎 (October 1935). "人魂に就いて". 旅と伝説. 8巻 (10号（通巻94号）): 46–47.
  6. 大槻義彦 (1986). 「火の玉（ヒトダマ）」の謎 人魂の正体を追って40年 科学とロマンの奮戦記!. 二見ブックス. 二見書房. p. 257. ISBN 978-4-576-86129-6.

Sources
  • Karen Ann Smyers: The fox and the jewel: shared and private meanings in contemporary Japanese inari worship. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1999, ISBN 0-8248-2102-5, page 117 & 118.
  • Stephen Addiss, Helen Foresman: Japanese ghosts & demons: art of the supernatural. G. Braziller, Illinois 1985, ISBN 978-0-486-99052-1
  • Lloyd Vernon Knutson, Jean-Claude Vala: Biology of Snail-Killing Sciomyzidae Flies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) 2011, ISBN 0-521-86785-1, page 24.
  • Chris Philo, Chris Wilbert: Animal spaces, beastly places: new geographies of human-animal relations (= Band 10 von Critical geographies). Routledge, London/New York 2000, ISBN 0-415-19847-X, page 172–173.
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