History of Nur-Sultan

The city now known as Nur-Sultan was founded by a unit of the Siberian Cossacks headed by Fyodor Shubin in 1830 as the settlement of Akmoly.

Russian Empire

The settlement of Akmoly (Russian: Акмолы), also known as Akmolinsky prikaz (Акмолинский приказ), was established on the Ishim River in 1830 as the seat of an okrug[1] by a unit of the Siberian Cossacks headed by Fyodor Shubin.[2] The name was possibly given after a local landmark—"Акмола" (Akmola) literally means a white grave in Kazakh—although this theory is not universally accepted.[1] In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named Akmolinsk (Акмолинск).[1] In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by Kenesary Khan, Akmolinsk fortress was burned.[3] After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an uyezd town.[4] During the rapid development of the Russian capitalist market, the huge Saryarka areas were actively exploited by the colonial administration. To draft Regulation governing the Kazakh steppe the Government of the Russian Empire formed Steppe Commission in 1865.[5] On 21 October 1868, Tsar Alexander II signed a draft Regulation on governing Turgay, Ural, Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk oblasts.[5] In 1869, Akmolinsk external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became a center of newly established Akmolinsk Oblast.

Soviet Union

From 1917 to 1919, Akmolinsk became a sockpit for bolsheviks and their political opponents.[6]

During World War II, Akmolinsk served as a traffic hub for the transportation of engineering tools and equipment from the evacuated plants of Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, and Russian SFSR redirected to the Oblasts of the Kazakh SSR. Local industries were organized for war needs, assisting the country in providing the "Front Line" and the "Home Front" with essential material and equipment. In the post-war years many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under the leadership of Joseph Stalin.[7]

The city was designated the administrative and cultural center of the Virgin Lands Campaign led by Nikita Khrushchev in the 1950s, with the aim of turning the region into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union.[8] In 1961, to commemorate the campaign, the city was renamed Tselinograd (Целиноград).[1] The high portion of Russian immigrants in this area, which later led to ethnic tension, can be traced to the influx of agricultural workers at this time.

Independent Kazakhstan

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan, the city's original form was restored in the modified form Akmola.[1] After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved to Akmola on the 10 December 1997, the city was renamed Astana in 1998.[9]

A day after the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev on March 19, 2019, the Parliament of Kazakhstan voted unanimously to rename the city to Nur-Sultan in honor of him. However, Astana will keep the old name until the Constitution of Kazakhstan is amended[10].

gollark: I don't have one because they're expensive and I disagree with the entire concept of graphing calculators.
gollark: Some of the fancier graphing models' polynomial solver things go up to a degree of 6 for unfathomable reasons, but they are probably approximatizing.
gollark: Otherwise it would probably go up to quintics and such.
gollark: My calculator can solve quartics and I doubt it just approximates them.
gollark: As you can see, it burns.

References
  1. Pospelov, pp. 24–25
  2. "От центра окружного приказа до столицы Казахстана" (краткий исторический обзор истории столицы) [From the center of district order to the capital of Kazakhstan (short historical overview of the history of the capital)] (in Russian). Archive and Documentation Department of Astana. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  3. "Revolt of 1837—1847 under the leadership of khan Kenesary". e-history.kz. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  4. "History of Astana". e-history.kz. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  5. "The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century". e-history.kz. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  6. "Kazakhstan during the civil war". e-history.kz. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  7. S. Kurmanova. "Deportation of Volga Germans to Kazakhstan: Causes and Consequences" (PDF). e-history.kz. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  8. Ian MacWilliam (20 April 1994). "In Virgin Lands, a Dream Ends". Web Archive (The Moscow Times). Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  9. "Timeline: Kazakhstan". BBC News. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  10. "Nursultan: Kazakhstan renames capital Astana after ex-president - BBC". BBC. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
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