High Sierra Format

High Sierra Format (HSF) is the early logical file system used for CD-ROMs in 1985 and 1986. The later ECMA-119 and ISO 9660 standards are based on revised HSF.

Optical discs

Overview

Compact Discs were originally developed for recording musical data, but soon were used for storing additional digital data types because they were equally effective for archival mass data storage.

At first, every CD-ROM maker created their own format as there were no high-level standards, only the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard for the lowest level. There was a need for a standard for organizing data on compact disks into logical units such as files.

In order to develop a CD-ROM file system standard (Z39.60 - Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange), the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) set up Standards Committee SC EE (Compact Disc Data Format) in July 1985.[1]

In September/[2] October 1985 several companies invited experts to participate in the development of a working paper for such a standard.

In November 1985, representatives of computer hardware manufacturers gathered at the High Sierra Hotel and Casino (currently called the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino) near Lake Tahoe, California.[3] This group became known as the High Sierra Group (HSG).

Present at the meeting were representatives from Apple Computer, AT&T, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Hitachi, LaserData, Microware, Microsoft, 3M, Philips, Reference Technology Inc., Sony Corporation, TMS Inc., VideoTools (later Meridian[4]), Xebec, and Yelick.

The meeting report evolved from the Yellow Book CD-ROM standard for data CDs, which was so open ended it was leading to diversification and creation of many incompatible data storage methods. The High Sierra Group Proposal (HSGP) was released in May 1986.

A draft version was submitted to the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA). With changes this led to the issue of the initial edition of the ECMA-119 standard in December 1986.[5] The ECMA submitted their standard to the International Standards Organization (ISO) for fast tracking, where it was further refined into ISO 9660. For compatibility the second edition of ECMA-119 was revised to be equivalent to ISO 9660 in December 1987.[6][7][8] ISO 9660:1988 was published in 1988. ECMA-119 and ISO 9660 were needed because the HSF was geared primarily towards the needs of the US market. The international extensions are the bulk of the differences between the formats.

In order not to create incompatibilities, NISO suspended further work on Z39.60, which had been adopted by NISO members on 28 May 1987. It was withdrawn before final approval, in favour of ISO 9660.[1]

gollark: There's one known in-the-wild exploit, another alleged one, and one hypothetical one I thought of when working on some other components.
gollark: It might not, really, assuming I do most things the same.
gollark: I would lose out on so many of the accumulated bugfixes.
gollark: > just rewrite potatOS actuallyno.
gollark: It implements virtual files in a very hacky and not good way, and that is causing problems with my new feature.

See also

References
  1. Peters, Paul Evan (July 1989). "CD-ROM Standards: The Fate of Z39.60" (PDF). Information Standards Quarterly. National Information Standards Organization (NISO). 1 (3): 1–3. ISSN 1041-0031. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  2. Helliwell, John (1986-10-14). "Premium Reference Tool of the '90s". PC Magazine: 150–164. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  3. Manes, Stephen; Andrews, Paul (1993). Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America. Doubleday. p. 336. ISBN 0-385-42075-7.
  4. Anderson, Gregg (June 1987). "The Future of CD-ROM". Explorer. Atari Explorer Publications. 7 (3): 19. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  5. "Standard ECMA-119: Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange" (PDF) (1st ed.). December 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-18.
  6. "Standard ECMA-119: Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange" (reprinted 2nd ed.). September 1998 [December 1987]. Archived from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  7. The Invention of Compact Discs.
  8. "Chip's CD Media Resource Center: CD-ROM page 6".

Further reading
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