Heteractinida

The Heteractinids are a grade of sponges that are paraphyletic with respect to Hexactinellida.[1] Their distinctive trait is their six-pronged (snowflake-like) spicules, whose symmetry historically suggested a relationship with the triradial Calcarean sponges.[1] Nevertheless, they actually represent a polyphyletic grade, from which the hexactinellids arose.[1]

Heteractinida
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Stem group: Hexactinellida
Informal group: †"Heteractinida"
Hinde, 1887
Included groups

See text

Synonyms
  • Octactinellidae Hinde, 1887
  • Heteractinellidae Hinde, 1887
  • Wewokellida Croneis & Toomey, 1965

Families

The following families are placed in Heteractinida:[2]

  • †Astraeospongiidae Miller, 1889
  • †Eiffeliidae Rigby, 1986
  • †Nuchidae Pickett, 2002
  • †Wewokellidae King, 1943
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References
  1. Botting, J. P.; Butterfield, N. J.; Valentine, J. W. (2005). "Reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia globosa, Walcott". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (5): 1554–1559. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405867102. JSTOR 3374469. PMC 547825. PMID 15665105.
  2. Pickett, J. (2002). "†Order Heteractinida Hinde, 1887". In Hooper, J.N.A.; Van Soest, R.W.M.; Willenz, P. (eds.). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 1121–1140. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_117. ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2.


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