Herbert Feis

Herbert Feis (June 7, 1893 – March 2, 1972) was an American historian, author, and economist. He was the Economic Advisor for International Affairs to the U.S. Department of State in the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations.

Feis wrote at least 13 published books and won the annual Pulitzer Prize for History in 1961 for one of them, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference (Princeton University Press, 1960).[1] It features the Potsdam Conference and the origins of the Cold War.

Youth

Feis was born in New York City and raised on the Lower East Side. His parents, Louis Feis and Louise Waterman Feis, were Jewish immigrants from Alsace, France that came to America in the late 1800s. His uncle invented the Waterman stove. He graduated from Harvard College and went on to marry Ruth Stanley-Brown, the granddaughter of James Garfield, the president of the US in 1881. They had a daughter.[2]

Career

Feis was an instructor at Harvard (1920–1921), associate professor of economics at the University of Kansas (1922–1925), and professor and department head at the University of Cincinnati (1926–1929). He published a stream of scholarly studies. From 1922 to 1927 he also was an adviser on the American economy to the International Labor Office (ILO), of the League of Nations, in Geneva, Switzerland. He was on the staff of the Council on Foreign Relations in 1930–1931. His first major book, Europe, the World's Banker, 1870-1914 (1930) impressed Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson. He recruited Feis to the State Department, where he was an economic advisor 1931 to 1943. Feis helped shape the nation's international economic policies and represented his government at numerous international conferences including the World Economic and Monetary Conference of 1933 in London and the meetings of the Conference of American Republics held in Buenos Aires (1936), Lima (1938), and Panama (1939). He served as a senior advisor in the War Department 1943-1947. Leaving government service he wrote eleven major monographs over the next twenty-five years. They provide a comprehensive history of American foreign policy from 1933 to 1950. He had access to secret document--as well as his own memories--to trace the convoluted course Washington followed in abandoning its traditional isolationism for a policy of global intervention. His books comprised the "orthodox" interpretation of history.[3][4] His analysis of the origins of the Cold War was challenged from the left during the Vietnam era, with the allegation that Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings were primarily designed to stop Soviet expansion and thus caused the Cold War. However, scholarship since the 1980s has largely vindicated his interpretations of the use of nuclear weapons in 1945 as an effort to end the bloodshed as fast as possible.[5]

Criticism

According to the Dictionary of American Biography:

Feis was not without his critics. Some charged that as a "court historian" he could not write objectively about the government policies and actions that he himself had helped to formulate. His close involvement with the people and events about which he wrote, they said, "shackled" him to an "establishment line." One English critic described his 1960 prize-winning study of the Potsdam Conference as "a State Department brief, translated into terms of historical scholarship." But the dominant view was that while Feis's participation in events animated his narrative, he wrote objective history characterized by reasonably dispassionate analysis. As an insider with access to government documents closed to other scholars, he had an unusual advantage, a fact of which he was well aware. Perhaps because of this, he devoted much time during the 1960s trying to persuade government officials that they could open government documents to research scholars much sooner than was customary without jeopardizing the national security.[6]

He died in Winter Park, Florida.

Herbert Feis Award

The Herbert Feis Award is awarded annually since 1984 by the American Historical Association, a major professional society of historians, to recognize the recent work of public historians or independent scholars.[7]

Bibliography
  • The Settlement of Wage Disputes (Macmillan, 1921) – his earliest work in the Library of Congress Catalog[8]
  • Europe the World's Banker, 1870–1914: an account of European foreign investment and the connection of world finance with diplomacy before the war (1930) online
  • The Changing Pattern of International Economic Affairs (1940)[9]
  • Seen from E.A.: Three International Episodes (1947) online[10]
  • The Spanish Story: Franco and the Nations at War (1948) online[11]
  • The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan (1950) online [12]
  • The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission (1953) online[13]
  • Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought (1957) [14]
  • Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference (1960) (Pulitzer Prize) online[15]
  • Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific (1961)
  • The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (1966)[16]
  • 1933: Characters in Crisis (1966)[17]
  • From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War, 1945–1950 (1970)[18]
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See also

References
  1. "History". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
  2. "Herbert Feis". American Authors by Answers.com. Answers.com. 2004.
  3. Doenecke, 1999.
  4. Dictionary of American Biography (1994).
  5. Kort, 2007.
  6. "Herbert Feis." Dictionary of American Biography (1994).
  7. "Herbert Feis Award". American Historical Association. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  8. Feis, Herbert. The Settlement of Wage Disputes.
  9. Feis, Herbert (1940). The changing pattern of international economic affairs. Harper & Brothers.
  10. Feis, Herbert (1947). Seen from E. A.: Three International Episodes. Knopf.
  11. Herbert Feis (1948). The Spanish Story. Alfred A. Knopf.
  12. Van Alstyne, Richard W. (1951). "Review of The Road to Pearl Harbor. The Coming of the War Between the United States and Japan". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 11 (1): 107–109. doi:10.2307/2048916. JSTOR 2048916.
  13. Feis, Herbert (1953). China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission. Princeton University Press.
  14. Herbert Feis (1957). Churchill Roosevelt Stalin. Princeton University Press.
  15. Feis, Herbert (1960). Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691056036.
  16. Feis, Herbert (1966). The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (2nd Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691056012.
  17. Feis, Herbert (1966). 1933: Characters in Crisis. Little, Brown.
  18. Feis, Herbert (1970). From trust to terror: the onset of the cold war, 1945-1950. Norton.

Further reading
  • Crapol, Edward. "Some reflections on the historiography of the cold war." The History Teacher 20.2 (1987): 251-262. online
  • Doenecke, Justus. "Feis, Herbert" American National Biography online
  • Goldberg, Stanley. "Racing to the Finish: The Decision to Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki." Journal of American-East Asian Relations (1995): 117-128. online
  • Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism." New England Journal of History 64.1 (2007): 31-48. online
  • Yergler, Dennis (1993). Herbert Feis, Wilsonian internationalism, and America's technological-democracy. P. Lang. ISBN 9780820420783.
  • "Herbert Feis." Dictionary of American Biography, (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994). online
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