Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton

Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, KG (28 September 1663 – 9 October 1690) was an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England. A military commander, Henry FitzRoy was appointed colonel of the Grenadier Guards in 1681 and Vice-Admiral of England from 1682 to 1689. He was killed in the storming of Cork during the Williamite–Jacobite War in 1690.

His Grace The Duke of Grafton KG
Vice-Admiral of England
In office 1682–1689
Preceded by	The Duke of Cumberland
Succeeded by	The Earl of Torrington
Personal details
Born	Henry FitzRoy (1663-09-28)28 September 1663
Died	9 October 1690(1690-10-09) (aged 27)
Spouse(s)	Isabella Bennet, 2nd Countess of Arlington ​ ( m. 1672)
Children	Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton
Parents	Charles II of England Barbara Villiers, 1st Duchess of Cleveland

Coat of arms of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, KG

Early life and military career

Born to Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine in 1663, Henry FitzRoy was an illegitimate son of King Charles II of England,[1] the second by Barbara Villiers, the daughter of William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison, colonel of one of King Charles I's regiments, who was killed in action during the Civil War.

On 1 August 1672, at the age of nine, he was married to the five-year-old Isabella,[2] daughter and heiress of Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington. The wedding ceremony was repeated on 7 November 1679.[2].

At the time of his marriage, Henry FitzRoy was created Baron Sudbury, Viscount Ipswich, and Earl of Euston; in 1675 he was created Duke of Grafton,[2] and Charles II made him a Knight of the Garter in 1680. He was appointed colonel of the Grenadier Guards in 1681.[1]

FitzRoy was brought up as a sailor and saw military action at the siege of Luxembourg in 1684.[3] In that year, he received a warrant to supersede Sir Robert Holmes as Governor of the Isle of Wight, when the latter was charged with making false musters. However, Holmes was acquitted by court-martial and retained the governorship. In 1686 he killed John Talbot, brother of the Earl of Shrewsbury, in a duel. He was appointed Vice-Admiral of the Narrow Seas from 1685 to 1687.[4]

At King James II's coronation, Grafton was Lord High Constable. During the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth he commanded the royal troops in Somerset; but later acted with John Churchill, and joined William of Orange to overthrow the King in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.[3]

Death

FitzRoy died in Ireland in 1690 of a wound received at the storming of Cork while leading William's forces,[3] aged 27. His body was returned to England for burial.[5]

In October 1697 his widow married Sir Thomas Hanmer,[1] a young Buckinghamshire baronet, who became Speaker of the House of Commons and an authority on the works of William Shakespeare. She died in 1723.

Legacy

The Duke of Grafton owned land in what was then countryside near Dublin, Ireland, which later became part of the city. A country lane on this land eventually developed into Grafton Street,[6] one of Dublin's main streets. Grafton Alley in Cork, close to where he was shot, also bears his name.[7]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton

16. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 8. James I of England 17. Mary, Queen of Scots 4. Charles I of England 18. Frederick II of Denmark 9. Anne of Denmark 19. Sophie of Mecklenburg 2. Charles II of England 20. Antoine of Navarre 10. Henry IV of France 21. Jeanne III of Navarre 5. Henrietta Maria of France 22. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 11. Marie de' Medici 23. Joanna of Austria 1. Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton 24. Sir George Villiers 12. Sir Edward Villiers 25. Audrey Saunders 6. William Villiers, 2nd Viscount Grandison 26. Sir John St John 13. Barbara St John 27. Lucy Hungerford 3. Barbara Villiers 28. Paul Bayning 14. Paul Bayning, 1st Viscount Bayning 29. Susannah Norden 7. Mary Bayning 30. Sir Henry Glemham 15. Anne Glemham 31. Anne Sackville

See also

• List of deserters from James II to William of Orange

Notes and references

1. Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Fitzroy, Henry (1663-1690)" . Dictionary of National Biography. 19. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2. John Harold Wilson. "Selected Brief Biographies" (PDF). Court Satires of the Restoration. p. 232. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
3.  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grafton, Dukes of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316–317.
4. Bays, John (2015). "Royal Bastards and Mistresses: The Shadow Courts of Restoration England". Charleston, IL: Eastern Illinois University. p. 17. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
5. Grafton's body was returned to England - with some internal organs removed and buried (in Ballintemple, Cork) to preserve his remains for transport. See: Garnet Joseph Wolseley (1894). The life of John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, to the accession of Queen Anne. R. Bentley and Son. p. 201.
6. "Grafton Street". The Irish Times. 27 January 1931.
7. Gina Johnson (2002). The Laneways of Medieval Cork (PDF). Cork City Council. p. 122.

Political offices
Preceded by The Duke of Cumberland	Vice-Admiral of England 1682–1689	Succeeded by The Earl of Torrington
Honorary titles
Vacant Title last held by The Earl of Northumberland	Lord High Constable of England 1685	Vacant Title next held by The Duke of Ormonde
Preceded by The Earl of Arlington	Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk 1685–1689	Succeeded by The Lord Cornwallis
Military offices
Preceded by John Russell	Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards 1681–1688	Succeeded by The Earl of Lichfield
Preceded by The Earl of Lichfield	Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards 1688–1689	Succeeded by Henry Sydney
Peerage of England
New creation	Duke of Grafton 1675–1690	Succeeded by Charles FitzRoy
	Earl of Euston 1672–1690