Heart of a Dog

Heart of a Dog (Russian: Собачье сердце, Sobachye syerdtsye) is a novella by Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov. A biting satire of Bolshevism, it was written in 1925 at the height of the NEP period, when communism appeared to be relaxing in the Soviet Union.[1] It is generally interpreted as an allegory of the Communist revolution and "the revolution's misguided attempt to radically transform mankind."[2] Its publication was initially prohibited in the Soviet Union, but it circulated in samizdat until it was officially released in the country in 1987. The novella has become a cultural phenomenon in Russia, known and discussed by people "from schoolchildren to politicians."[3] It has become a subject of critical argument, was filmed in Russian and Italian-language versions, and was adapted in English as a play and an opera.[4]

This article is about the novella. For the 1988 Soviet television film, see Heart of a Dog (1988 film). For the 2015 American film, see Heart of a Dog (2015 film).
Heart of a Dog
First English edition
AuthorMikhail Bulgakov
Original titleСобачье сердце
CountrySoviet
LanguageRussian
GenreSatire
PublisherHarcourt Brace (English)
Publication date
1925
Published in English
1968
Media typePrint (Hardback and Paperback)
OCLC816041597
812/.54 19
LC ClassPS3556.E42 E4 1990

Background

The book was rejected for publication in 1925, due in part to the influence of Lev Kamenev, then a leading Party official. Bulgakov subsequently wrote a play based on the story in 1926 for the Moscow Art Theater. However, the play was cancelled after the manuscript and copies were confiscated by the secret police, or OGPU. Eventually, Maxim Gorky intervened to get the manuscript returned.[1]

The story was published in the Soviet Union only in 1987, more than 60 years after its completion, but was made known to Russian readers via samizdat. In 1968, it was published in English by Harvill Press, translated by Michael Glenny.

One suggestion for the real life prototype for Professor Preobrazhensky is a Russian surgeon Serge Voronoff who was famous for his experiments on implanting humans with animal's testicles and thyroid glands, though there were others who did similar work.[5] Another suggestion is professor Vasily Preobrazhensky, who headed the St. Petersburg Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the time the novella was written. His first scientific publication was about the transplantation of ovaries to males. Like the fictional professor, he "did not like the proletariat", and possibly for this he was banished to Arkhangelsk, where he continued his work, including transplants of ovaries, with a hearsay report of short-term rejuvenation effect. [6][7]

Plot

Moscow, 1924. While foraging for trash one winter day, a stray dog is found by a cook and scalded with boiling water. Lying forlorn in a doorway, the dog awaits his end awash in self-pity. To his surprise, a successful surgeon, Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky (whose name is derived from 'transformation' or 'transfiguration'), arrives and offers the dog a piece of sausage. Overjoyed, the dog follows Filip back to his flat, where he's given the name of Sharik. The dog finds it ironic, as he sees 'Sharik' fit for a pampered fat dog (it means 'little ball').

At the house, Sharik gets to know Dr. Preobrazhensky's household, which includes Doctor Ivan Arnoldovich Bormenthal (the professor's student and protegé) and two female servants: Zinaida Prokofievna Bunina and Darya Petrovna Ivanova. Despite the Professor's vocal anti-communism, his frequent medical treatment of the RCP(b) leadership makes him untouchable. As a result, he refuses to decrease his seven-room flat and treats the Bolsheviks on the housing committee, led by Schwonder, with unveiled contempt. Impressed by his new master, Sharik slips easily into the role of "a gentleman's dog".

Catching stray dogs in Russia, 1920s

After several days, one of the servants begins taking Sharik for walks through Moscow. Preening in his new collar, Sharik is unmoved by the taunts of a passing stray. After his health improves, the Professor at last reveals his real intentions for taking in Sharik. As Filip's laboratory is prepared, he locks Sharik in the bathroom.

As a seething Sharik plots to again destroy Filip's stuffed owl, the door opens and he is dragged by the skin of his neck into the lab. There, he is sedated and an operation begins. As Bormenthal assists, the Professor trepans Sharik's skull and gives him a human pituitary gland. Sharik's torso is also opened and he is given human testicles. These organs were cut from Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin – killed in a brawl – thief-recidivist, an alcoholic and a bully. Only repeated injections of adrenaline prevent the dog from dying on the operating table.

It's after this point that the story shifts from being told from the perspective of Sharik to being told from the perspective of Bormenthal, via his notes on the case, and then finally to a third person perspective.

During the weeks after the operation, the household is stunned as Sharik begins transforming into an incredibly unkempt and, at first, primitive human. After building an alliance with Schwonder, the former canine is granted papers under the absurd name "Poligraf Poligrafovich Sharikov". Preobrazhensky wanted to pick a name from his Orthodox Christian calendar and Sharik instead picked the publisher name – "Poligraf" (which in Russian is the root of several words related to printing art and technology).

In the aftermath, the Professor and Bormenthal patiently attempt to teach Sharikov basic etiquette. Instead, Sharikov mocks manners as a relic of Tsarism. He insists that it's better to behave "naturally". As a result, Sharikov curses in front of women, refuses to shave, dresses in unwashed clothing, and eats like a complete slob.

Meanwhile, Sharikov progressively turns the Professor's life into a living hell. One day, he accidentally turns on the spigot while chasing a cat. With the bathroom door locked and Sharikov unable to unlock it, the entire apartment is flooded. Later, he is caught attempting to sexually assault one of the female servants. Enraged, Bormenthal repeatedly hits Sharikov and forces him to apologize. Infuriated, Sharikov leaves the apartment and remains gone for several days.

Later, Bormenthal begs the Professor for permission to dose and kill Sharikov with arsenic, calling him a "man with the heart of a dog". The Professor is horrified and orders Bormenthal not to "slander the dog". He explains that the human body parts, which came from a homeless drunkard with Bolshevik sympathies, are responsible for all of Sharikov's defects. Bormenthal then suggests that they redo the operation, using the body of a genius. Again the Professor refuses, explaining that the operation was meant to improve the Human race. Breaking with his former beliefs, the Professor admits that any peasant woman could give birth to a genius and that eugenics are therefore a waste of time. In conclusion, the Professor refuses to permit Sharikov's murder or to undo the operation, which could easily kill him as well.

Soon after, Sharikov returns, explaining that he has been granted a job by the Soviet State. He now spends his work-day catching and strangling stray cats. The Party, he says, is turning them into cheap fur coats for the working class. Soon after, Sharikov brings home a female co-worker, whom he introduces to the Professor as his common law wife.

Instead of giving them their own room as Sharikov demands, the Professor takes the woman aside and explains that Sharikov is the product of a lab experiment gone horribly wrong. The woman has been told that Sharikov was maimed fighting Admiral Alexander Kolchak's White Army in Siberia. Upon learning the truth, she leaves the apartment in tears. Seething with hatred, Sharikov vows to have her fired. Again Bormenthal beats up Sharikov and makes him promise not to do anything of the sort.

The following day, a senior Party official, patient and good friend of Professor Preobrazhensky, Pyotr Alexandrovich, arrives and informs the Professor that Sharikov has denounced him to the secret police or CHEKA. Explaining that nothing is going to happen to him due to the State's distrust of Sharikov, the Party official departs. When Sharikov returns, the Professor and Bormenthal order him to leave the flat permanently. Instead, Sharikov refuses and draws a revolver. Enraged, the Professor and Bormenthal pounce upon him.

That night, an ominous silence reigns in the flat and the lights are left on for many hours after bedtime. Over the days that follow, the Professor and Bormenthal look far more relaxed than at any time before Sharikov's arrival. Eventually, the police arrive escorted by a beaming Schwonder.

Bearing a search warrant, they demand that the Professor and Bormenthal produce Sharikov on pain of immediate arrest. Unintimidated, the Professor orders Bormenthal to summon Sharikov, who is changing back into a dog. The Professor explains the change as a natural phenomenon, although it's obvious to the reader that he and Bormenthal have simply reversed the operation. Followed by the now apoplectic Schwonder, the police depart.

In the aftermath, the fully canine Sharik blissfully resumes his status as a gentleman's dog. However, in the ending of the book, he describes the Professor bringing home a human brain and removing the pituitary gland. This perhaps shows that Sharik retains some memories of his time as a human, or that Filip intends to carry out a similar experiment.

Themes

The novella has been interpreted both as a satire on the Bolshevism and as a criticism of eugenics.[8][9] One commonly accepted interpretation is that Bulgakov was trying to show all the inconsistencies of the system in which Sharikov, a man with a dog's intelligence, could become an important part. Sharik is seen as "a reincarnation of the repellent proletarian", and the professor represents a "hyperbolic vision of the bourgeois dream", according to J. A. E. Curtis.[1]

Names figure prominently in the story. Preobrazhensky's name is derived from the Russian word for "transfiguration". "Sharik" is a common name for dogs in Russia meaning "little ball".

The name and patronymic "Poligraf Poligrafovich" echoes a tradition of nonsense double names in Russian literature that goes back to Nikolai Gogol's heroes Akakii Akakievich in "The Overcoat" and Pifagor Pifagorovich in "The Carriage". The name is also a satire on new naming conventions in the early Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the name was chosen following the Russian tradition of "consulting the calendar," with Poligraf's name day being March 4. The name Poligraf has many possible meanings, including a printing process used for calendars.[10]

The name of the donor of the human implants, an alcoholic and bum, is Chugunkin ("chugun" is cast iron) which can be seen as parody on the name of Stalin ("stal" is steel).[11]

A comic opera, The Murder of Comrade Sharik by William Bergsma (1973), is based on the plot of the story. The story was filmed in Italian in 1976 as Cuore di cane and starred Max von Sydow as Preobrazhensky.[12]

A 1988 Soviet movie, Sobachye Serdtse, was made (in sepia) by Vladimir Bortko.[13] A number of sequences in the movie were shot from an unusually low dog's point of view.

In 2007, Guerilla Opera staged the premiere of Heart of a Dog, an opera by Rudolf Rojahn, directed by Sally Stunkel. In 2010, the second production was directed by Copeland Woodruff.[14]

In 2010 De Nederlandse Opera staged the premiere of A Dog's Heart, an opera composed by Alexander Raskatov, directed by Simon McBurney.[15] This was staged again by the Opéra de Lyon in January 2014.

In March 2011, Heart of a Dog was staged at the University of Leeds, directed by James Ahearne and Matthew Beaumont.[16]

A new musical adaptation of Heart of a Dog was developed in Australia and was to premiere in May 2013,[17] written by Jim McGrath, composed by Marc Robertson and directed by Nick Byrne.[18]

gollark: It's just so ææææææ.
gollark: If it wasn't for people needing to use different languages I would NOT support Unicode.
gollark: I have to admit I kind of agree?
gollark: > packed UTF-16 datawhich is bad but differently.
gollark: > (One reason for this policy of replacement is that internally, a Text value is represented as packed UTF-16 data. Values in the range U+D800 through U+DFFF are used by UTF-16 to denote surrogate code points, and so cannot be represented. The functions replace invalid scalar values, instead of dropping them, as a security measure. For details, see Unicode Technical Report 36, §3.5.)

See also

References
  1. Cornwell, Neil; Nicole Christian (1998). Reference Guide to Russian Literature. Taylor & Francis. p. 103. ISBN 1-884964-10-9.
  2. Haber, Edythe C. (1998). Mikhail Bulgakov: The Early Years. Harvard University Press. pp. 216–17. ISBN 0-674-57418-4.
  3. Serebriakov, Alexandr. "Собачье сердце как зеркало русской контрреволюции". Scepsis.ru. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  4. Yankova, Tatiana. "Автор и герой в "Собачьем сердце"". Scepsis.ru. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  5. Tatiana Bateneva. In the quest for longevity humans are ready to become relatives with any animals (in Russian)
  6. "Второе рождение профессора Преображенского". 31 July 2012.
  7. "140 лет со дня рождения профессора Василия Васильевича Преображенского". In: Юбилейные и памятные даты медицины и здравоохранения Архангельской области на 2014 год, Том II, Архангельск, pp. 22-32. 2014 www.google.com/url?q=http://www.nsmu.ru/university/museum/1429__2014_2%2520.pdf&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwis6MfJkuDbAhWGInwKHRN8BMA4KBAWCCAwCQ&usg=AOvVaw15HK3nFXam5he86dc4Jgxq
  8. New York Times review Stage: Heart of a Dog, 1988-02-01.
  9. Bulgakov's biography at SovLit.net
  10. Milne, Lesley (1990). Mikhail Bulgakov: A Critical Biography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780521227285. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  11. Иоффе, C. Тайнопись в «Собачьем сердце». bylgakov.ucoz.ru/ (in Russian).
  12. Cuore di cane Internet Movie Database
  13. Sobachye Serdtse Internet Movie Database
  14. "Heart of a Dog". guerillaopera.org. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  15. "2009–2010 Calendar: The Amsterdam Music Theatre".
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2011-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. Cerabona, Ron (2013-06-15). "Musical masters the mind of a dog". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
  18. "heartofadogthemusical.com". Retrieved 27 July 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.