Hargeisa War Memorial

The Hargeisa War Memorial is a monument in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia.[2][3][4][5][6] The memorial was set up to commemorate Somaliland's breakaway attempt in the 1980s, and is a symbol of struggle for the people of this province.[7]

Hargeisa War Memorial
LocationFreedom Square, Independence Avenue, Hargeisa, Somaliland
TypeMonument
Dedicated toVictims of the indiscriminate aerial bombardment of the city by the Somali dictator Siad Barre[1]

Description and history
War-damaged houses in Hargeysa, a major city in northern Somalia, 1991.

Artillery shelling of Hargeisa started on the third day of the fighting[8] in late May 1988, and was accompanied by large-scale aerial bombing of the city carried out by the Somali Air Force (SAF) aircraft,[9] which "took off from the Hargeisa airport and then turned around to make repeated bombing runs on the city."[10][11]

The scale of destruction was unprecedented, up to 90 percent of the city (then the second largest city in Somalia) was destroyed,[12][13][14] (United States embassy estimated 70 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed).[15] The testimony of Aryeh Neier, the co-founder of Human Rights Watch, confirms the large-scale nature of government attacks against civilians:

In an attempt to dislodge the SNM, the government is using artillery and air bombardment, especially Hargeisa and Buroa, on a daily basis, aiming particularly at civilian population targets. Reports from eye witnesses speak of the town of Hargeisa as mere rubble, devastated to the point that it is barely recognizable even to its inhabitants.[16]

The Guardian reported the scale of destruction as follows:

The civil war left Hargeisa in ruins: 80 percent of the building in the town were destroyed, many of them by the aerial bombardment of General Siad Barre's Zimbabwean mercenary pilots. The view from the air is of a town without roofs. The exposed pale green and blue plaster walls reflect the sunlight.

Many of the houses are boarded up because of the small anti-personnel mines scattered by Gen Siad Barre's forces when tens of thousands of Hargeisa residents fled. What was not destroyed was looted.[17]

Other descriptions of what took place in Hargeisa include:

Siad Barre focused his wrath (and American-supported military might) against his Northern opposition. Hargeisa, Somalia's second city and the former capital of British Somaliland was bombed, strafed and rocketed. Some 50,000 people are believed to have lost their lives there as a result of summary executions, aerial bombardments and ground attacks. The city itself was destroyed. Streams of refugees fleeing the devastation were not spared by government planes. The term "genocide" came to be used more and more frequently by human rights observers.[18]

Amnesty International confirmed the large-scale targeting and killing of civilian population by Somali government troops. The campaign had completely destroyed Hargeisa, causing its population of 500,000 to flee across the border and the city was "reduced to a ghost town with 14,000 buildings destroyed and a further 12,000 heavily damaged."[19] The Congressional General Accounting Office team noted the extent to which residential districts were especially targeted by the army:

Hargeisa, the second largest city in Somalia, has suffered extensive damage from artillery and aerial shelling. The most extensive damage appeared to be in the residential areas where the concentration of civilians was highest, in the marketplace, and in public buildings in the downtown area. The U.S. Embassy estimated that 70 percent of the city has been damaged or destroyed. Our rough visual inspection confirms this estimate.

Much of Hargeisa appears to be a "ghost town," and many homes and building are virtually empty. Extensive looting has taken place even though the military has controlled the city since late July 1988. We were told that private property was taken from homes by the military in Hargeisa. Homes are devoid of doors, window frames, appliances, clothes, and furniture. The looting has resulted in the opening of what are called "Hargeisa markets" throughout the region, including Mogadishu and Ethiopia, were former residents have spotted their possessions. One observer remarked that Hargeisa is being dismantled piece by piece. We were told that long lines of trucks heavily laden with Hargeisa goods could be seen leaving the city, heading south towards Mogadishu after the heavy fighting had stopped.

The Governor of Hargeisa estimates the present population to be around 70,000, down from a pre-conflict population figure of 370,000. However, the current residents of Hargeisa are not believed to be the former Issak residents. Observers believe that Hargeisa is now composed largely of dependents of the military, which has a substantial, visible presence in Hargeisa, a significant number of Ogadeni refugees, and squatters who are using the properties of those who fled.[20]

The report also stated that the city was without electricity or a functioning water system, and that the Somali government was "actively soliciting multilateral and bilateral donors for reconstruction assistance"[20] of cities primarily destroyed by the government's own forces.

The memorial is located in Hargeisa's Freedom Square. It consists of a MiG-17 fighter aircraft of the Somali Air Force, which crashed nearby. The fresco underneath shows a woman holding the flag of Somaliland looking towards the sky in hope.[21]

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See also

References
  1. "State-sponsored violence and conflict under Mahamed Siyad Barre: the emergence of path dependent patterns of violence | Reinventing Peace". sites.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
  2. BBC:Somaliland profile
  3. "The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic" (PDF). University of Pretoria. 1 February 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2010. "The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean."
  4. Philip Briggs (2012). Somaliland. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 92–. ISBN 978-1-84162-371-9.
  5. Stuart Butler; Dean Starnes (2009). Ethiopia & Eritrea. Lonely Planet. pp. 276–. ISBN 978-1-74104-814-8.
  6. Lonely Planet; Jean-Bernard Carillet; Tim Bewer; Stuart Butler (1 May 2013). Lonely Planet Ethiopia, Djibouti & Somaliland. Lonely Planet. pp. 513–. ISBN 978-1-74321-647-7.
  7. "Close Residents of Somaliland sit under a war memorial of a MiG fighter jet in the centre of town in Hargeisa". Reuters. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  8. Somalia: A Government at War With Its Own People (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 1990. p. 144.
  9. Mburu, Chris; Rights, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human; Office, United Nations Development Programme Somalia Country (2002-01-01). Past human rights abuses in Somalia: report of a preliminary study conducted for the United Nations (OHCHR/UNDP-Somalia). s.n.
  10. Peterson, Scott (2014-04-04). Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda. Routledge. ISBN 9781135955526.
  11. Summary of World Broadcasts. Part 4, The Middle East, Africa, and Latin America: SWB. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1993-01-01.
  12. Geldenhuys, D. (2009-04-22). Contested States in World Politics. Springer. ISBN 9780230234185.
  13. Congressional Record , October 26, 1999 to November 3 1999. Government Printing Office. 2017-04-10. ISBN 9780160731570.
  14. Operations, United States Congress House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International (2006-01-01). Somalia: expanding crisis in the Horn of Africa : joint hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations and the Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, June 29, 2006. U.S. G.P.O.
  15. Somalia: Observations Regarding the Northern Conflict and Resulting Conditions : Report to Congressional Requesters. The Office. 1989-01-01.
  16. Africa, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on (1989-01-01). Reported Massacres and Indiscriminate Killings in Somalia: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session, July 14, 1988. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  17. P, Biles (31 October 1991). "The Guardian". The Guardian.
  18. Cutter, Charles H. (2005-01-01). Africa, 2005. Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 9781887985635.
  19. Arnold, Guy (2009-09-15). The A to Z of Civil Wars in Africa. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810868854.
  20. Observations Regarding the Northern Conflict and Resulting Conditiond (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. May 1989.
  21. Badawi, Zeinab (26 January 2011). "Somalia: 20 years of anarchy". BBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2014.

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