Hand warmer

Hand warmers are small (mostly disposable) packets which are held in the hand and produce heat on demand to warm cold hands. They are commonly used in outdoor activities. Other types of warmers are available to provide soothing heat for muscular or joint aches.

A pair of air-activated disposable hand warmers, US quarter for scale.

Depending on the type and the source of heat, hand warmers can last up to 10–13 hours.

History

The hand and foot warmer was first patented by Jonathan T. Ellis of New Jersey in 1891,[1] though no evidence exists that it was ever produced.[2]

The first commercially-produced hand warmer was created by Japanese inventor Niichi Matoba. Matoba received a patent for applying the principle of an oxidation reaction that produces heat by means of platinum catalysis. He then devoted his time to researching how to make the product suitable for practical use. In 1923, he manufactured a prototype of his device naming it HAKUKIN-kairo (HAKKIN warmer).[3] A version of these original portable hand warmers is still produced in Japan.[4]

Types

Air activated (iron)

Air-activated hand warmers contain cellulose, iron, activated carbon, vermiculite (which holds water) and salt and produce heat from the exothermic oxidation of iron when exposed to air. They typically emit heat for 1 to 10 hours, it usually takes 15-30 minutes to start to heat up, although the heat given off rapidly diminishes after 1–2 hours.[5][6] The oxygen molecules in the air react with iron, forming rust. Salt is often added to catalyze the process.[7]

Crystallisation-type hand warmer with scale showing metal disc trigger

Supersaturated solution (crystallisation-type)
See also: Sodium acetate § Heating pad, and Phase-change material

This type of hand warmer can be recharged by immersing the hand-warmer in very hot water until the contents are uniform and then allowing it to cool. The release of heat is triggered by flexing a small metal disk in the hand warmer, which generates nucleation centers that initiate crystallisation. Heat is required to dissolve the salt in its own water of crystallisation and it is this heat that is released when crystallisation is initiated.[8]

The latent heat of fusion is about 264–289 kJ/kg.[9]

Lighter fuel warmer (Hakukin brand, Peacock model)

This process can be scaled up to create a means of domestic heating storage and can produce instant heat.[10]

Lighter fuel

Lighter fuel hand-warmers use lighter fluid (petroleum naptha). These can be reused by simply refuelling. Typical models can generate heat for either half a day or a whole day, depending on conditions.

Battery
A rechargeable electric hand warmer.  This device plugs into a USB port to charge its battery. It can also be used to charge or power other devices via USB.

Battery operated hand warmers use electrically resistive heating devices to convert electrical energy in the battery. Typically hand warmers can heat for up to six hours, with heat outputs from 40-48C. Rechargeable electronic hand warmers can be charged from a mains power supply or from a 5V USB power supply, with up to 500 recharge cycles possible.

Charcoal

Charcoal hand-warmers provide heat by burning charcoal in a special case. These can last up to 6 hours and become comfortably hot. Charcoal cases for these usually have felt on the outside and have items in it that do not produce heat, but spread the heat such as metal. A charcoal hand warmer can start heating when both ends of charcoal are struck and then extinguished to create a hot charcoal. The smouldering stick is then placed inside the case. The charcoal sticks are available from most outdoor activity shops and are fairly inexpensive.

gollark: Like the old AMD bulldozer CPUs and how they were marketed as 8-core but did not actually work that well.
gollark: I mean, not entirely *meaningless*, but given that this mineputer probably runs on architectures weirder than our own it's unlikely to actually be quad-core in the same way.
gollark: "Quad core" is meaningless.
gollark: At last!
gollark: Probably.

See also

References
  1. US 444,395, Ellis, Jonathan T., "Hand or Foot Warmer", issued January 6, 1891
  2. Username: Invention Geek (December 10, 2010). "Invention Geek – Hand Warmers?". Patent Plaques Blog. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018.
  3. "History". Hakkin Warmers. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05.
  4. "Peacock Pocket Warmers". Hakkin Warmers. Archived from the original on 2018-12-07.
  5. Mascoli, Gene. "Warmer Hands (And Toes) Through Chemistry". ScienceIQ.com. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
  6. Bützer, Peter (December 2003). "Handwärmer: Warme Hände, heisser Kopf" (PDF). SwissEduc.ch (in German).
  7. Lynn, Maggie (February 2, 2014). "How Hand warmers work". SportsRec. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  8. "How do sodium acetate heat pads work?". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
  9. Dinçer, Ibrahim; Rosen, Marc (2002). "Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Methods". Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications (First ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 155. ISBN 0-471-49573-5.
  10. Macdonald, Ken (June 8, 2017). "From hand-warmer to house-warmer for tech firm". BBC News.
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